TEAS Science prep

stopped at neuromuscular system lesson muscles of the head and neck (Chemistry from nurse cheung has been added)

Aorta

 Largest artery in the body. The aorta begins at the top of the left ventricle, the heart’s muscular pumping chamber. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve

Inferior Vena Cava

The inferior vena cava is ultimately responsible for the transport of almost all venous blood (deoxygenated) from the abdomen and lower extremities back to the right side of the heart for oxygenation.

Left Atrium

One of the four chambers of the heart. The left atrium receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle

One of the four chambers of the heart. The left ventricle pumps blood full of oxygen out to the body.

Mitral Valve

The mitral valve is one of four valves in the heart that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Each valve has flaps (leaflets) that open and close once during each heartbeat. If a valve doesn’t open or close properly, blood flow through the heart to the body can be reduced.

Pulmonary Artery

The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary System

The pulmonary circulation is a closed circuit. It is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

Pulmonary Valve

The pulmonary valve is one of two valves that allow blood to leave the heart via the arteries. It is a one-way valve, meaning that blood cannot flow back into the heart through it. It is located in the right ventricle of the heart. The pulmonary valve opens into the pulmonary artery.

Right Atrium

one of the four chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle

The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.

Superior Vena Cava

The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest.

Systemic System

The systemic circulation moves blood from the heart to the rest of the body (besides the lungs) and back to the heart.

Tricuspid Valve

The tricuspid valve sits between the heart’s two right chambers. The tricuspid valve consists of three thin flaps of tissue (called cusps, or leaflets). These valve flaps open to let blood flow from the upper right chamber (right atrium) to the lower right chamber (right ventricle).

Arteries

A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body.

Veins

A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.

Capillaries

These tiny blood vessels have thin walls. Oxygen and nutrients from the blood can move through the walls and get into organs and tissues. They, also take waste products away from your tissues and are where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste.

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart chambers.

Systole

Contraction of the heart chambers.

ECG

Electrocardiogram. Representation of the electrical events occuring in the heart.

Node

Special area of cardiac muscle that generates action potentials.

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle resulting from one contraction. 

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute. 

Aneurism

An abnormal bulge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel.

Hypertension

(or high blood pressure) Chronically elevated blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or above.

Stroke

The result of an inadequate or interrupted blood supply to the brain. Since brain cells can die in minutes, stroke is a medical emergency.

Plasma

Plasma is the liquid component of the blood, excluding blood cells

Red blood cells (erythrocytes

 A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.

White blood cells (leukocytes)

White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. The types of white blood cells are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells).

Agglutination

An adverse reaction that occurs when incompatible blood types mix which is characterized by clumping of red blood cells. 

Antigen

Structure on the surface of red blood cells that designates the blood type

Antibody

Structure in the blood plasma that attaches to specific antigens. 

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

An adverse reaction that occurs when Rh antibodies attack fetal blood. 

Aggregation

Smaller structures combining to form larger structures.

Clotting Factor

Plasma protein that can activate other clotting factors to produce a clot.

Fibrin

Insoluble plasma protein threads that weave together to form a clot.

Fibrinogen

Soluble plasma protein that can convert to fibrin

Hemostasis

Processes in the blood to help stop bleeding.

Proximal

Toward the trunk

Distal

away from the trunk

Superficial

toward the surface

deep

means under the surface

Ipsilateral

means on the same side

Contralateral

Means on the opposite side

Coronal plane

Plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Epigastric

 Term that means above the stomach.

Hypochondriac

Term used in the 9 abdominal regions to identify structures superior and lateral to the stomach.

Hypogastric

Term meaning below the stomach.

Iliac

Term meaning the lower lateral abdominal regions.

Inguinal

Term sometimes used in the 9 abdominal regions indicating the lower lateral abdomen

Lumbar

Term meaning the region of the low back and also used in the 9 abdominal region system for describing the location of structures lateral to the umbilicus.

Sagittal Plane

 Plane running down the middle of the body and dividing the body into right and left sections.

Transpyloric Plane

The superior transverse plane used in the 9 abdominal region system.

Transtubercular Plane

The inferior transverse plane used in 9 abdominal region system.

Transverse Plane

Plane dividing the body into superior and inferior sections.

Umbilicus

The naval which indicates the center of the abdomen.

Negative Feedback

System in which the stimulus and response are opposite

Positive Feedback

System in which the stimulus and response are the same

Homeostasis

The ability of a system to maintain a steady state

Integumentary System

consists of the hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Its function is protection of the body, secretion of waste products, production of vitamin D and regulation of body temperature, also supports sensory receptors that send information to the nervous system.

Skeletal system

consists of the bones, ligaments, and cartilage. It provides protection and support and produces red blood cells. It also stores chemical salts.

Muscular System

produces movement, helps to maintain posture and produces heat.

Nervous system

consists of the brain, spinal cord, and receptors. It receive sensory information detects changes and in response, stimulates muscles and glands.

Endocrine system

series of glands that secrete hormones. The endocrine system contains many feedback systems to help maintain homeostasis.

Lymphatic system

includes the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. The function of the system is to return fluid to blood as well as transport some absorbed food molecules and defend against infection.

Immune system

consists of cells and antibodies that help the body to fight off pathogens. Some organs associated with the system are the thymus and spleen.

Blood

fluid system that contains cells and plasma. These structures work to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide along with water, electrolytes, hormones, carbohydrates, fats and proteins and wastes.

Cardiovascular system

includes the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The function of the cardiovascular system is to transport blood.

Digestive system

receive, break down, and absorb food. It also eliminates wastes.

The digestive system includes:

• Mouth

• Tongue

• Teeth

• Salivary glands

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

• Intestines

Respiratory system

consists of the nasal cavity, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.

Urinary System

remove wastes, maintain water and electrolyte balance, and store and transport urine.

The urinary system includes:

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

Reproductive system

passes genetic information down to future generations as well as produce hormones that help the body to mature.

stroke

can result if a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, either by a clot or other type of embolism.

One of the primary functions of blood is to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the body’s tissues. This is accomplished by ________________, which contain the oxygen-carrying protein called ___________________.

Erthrocytes;hemoglobin

T/F Veins have valves, and arteries do not.

TRUE

A decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood would result in __________________.

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

Atherosclerosis

buildup of plaque inside the arteries. If the plaque buildup is severe, a blockage can result, preventing blood flow to the associated heart tissue.

Alveoli

Site of gas exchange.

Bronchi

Receive inspired air from the trachea and move it into the bronchioles.

Bronchioles

Connect the bronchi to the alveoli of the lungs, have a layer of smooth muscle that allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation, regulating the amount of air reaching the alveoli.

Diaphragm

Skeletal muscle associated with quiet (normal) breathing that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Epoglottis

A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

Glottis

The part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction.

Larynx

a hollow structure connected to the top of the trachea and is the passage through which inspired air moves into the bronchi of the lungs

Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity has a defined role in filtering and humidifying air for presentation to the lower airway.

Pharynx

The throat in the respiratory system receives air from the nose or the mouth and then moves the air past the epiglottis into the larynx. In the digestive system it receives food from the mouth and moves it into the esophagus.

Pleura

a serous double membrane that protects the lungs.

Trachea

Large tube reinforced by cartilage rings that keep it from collapsing. Connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs.

Ventilation

The movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consists of two cyclic phases: inspiration & expiration.

Boyles Law

Volume is inversely related to pressure

Diffusion

The process of gas exchange in the lungs, which is a passive transport mechanism; oxygen moves into the blood from the lungs while carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs.

Partial Pressure

Pressure of a single gas in a mixture of gases.

Ventilation

 Is the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs → consist of two cyclic phases: inspiration & expiration

Carbonic Acid

Weak acid that forms from carbon dioxide and water

Medulla Oblongata

 Lower portion of the brainstem.

Phrenic Nerve

Nerve that controls the diaphragm.

Pons

Middle portion of the brainstem

Respiratory Alkalosis

Acidic condition in the blood caused by increased carbon dioxide

Respiratory Alkalosis

Alkaline condition in the blood caused by a decrease in carbon dioxide.