Unit 1.1-1.4 AP Psych

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59 Terms

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Adoption Studies

Research designs that assess the influence of genetics and environment on behavior by comparing adopted individuals to their biological and adoptive families.

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Eugenics

A controversial social philosophy advocating for the improvement of human genetic traits through selective breeding

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Evolutionary Perspective

A theoretical approach in psychology that explains behavior and mental processes in terms of their adaptive value for survival.

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Genetic Predisposition

An increased likelihood of developing a particular disease or trait based on a person’s genetic makeup.

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Heredity

The biological transmission of traits from parents to their offspring through genes

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Natural Selection

The process through which traits enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations of a population

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CNS(Central Nervous System)

The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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ANS(Autonomic Nervous System)

The division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion

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Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system outside the CNS that connects the CNS to the limbs and organs

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Sympathetic Nervous System

A branch of the ANS responsible for the body’s “fight or flight” response, increasing heart rate and energy availability

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Parasympathetic Nervous System,

The branch of the ANS that promotes “rest and digestion” activities, conserving energy and maintaining homeostasis

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Somatic Nervous System

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information

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Action Potential

A rapid and temporary change in the electrical charge of a neuron that occurs when it sends a signal

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All of Nothing Principle

The principle stating that a neuron or either fires and action potential or does not; there is no partial firing

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Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body

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Dendrites

Branch-like structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons

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Depolarization

The process by which a neuron’s membrane potential becomes more positive, leading to the initiation of an action potential

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Glial Cells

Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support, protection, and nourishment to neurons

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Interneurons

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons and facilitate communications between them

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Motor neurons

Neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to muscles to initiate movement

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty layer that insulated axons and speeds up neural transmission

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Nerves

Bundles of axons that transmit signals between the CNS and rest of the body

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Neural Transmission

The process of communication between neurons through electrical and chemical signals

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Neuron

The basic building block of the nervous system responsible from transmitting information

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Reflex Arc

The neural pathway that mediates a reflex action, typically involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons

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Refractory period

Period following an action potential during which a neuron is unable to fire again

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Resting potential

The electrical potential of a neuron when it is not actively transmitting a signal

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Reuptake

The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron after transmitting a signal

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Sensory Neurons

Neurons that transmit sensory information from the body to the central nervous system

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Synapse

The junction between two neurons for neurotransmitters are released in signals are transmitted

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Threshold

The minimum level of stimulus required to trigger an action potential in a neuron

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Agonists

Substances that enhance the action of neurotransmitters

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Antagonist

Substances that inhibit the action of neurotransmitters

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Depressants

Substances that reduce neural activity and slow down body functions

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Hallucinogens

Substances that cause perceptual distortions and altered state of consciousness

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Opioids

A class of drugs, that induce both prescription pain, relievers and illegal drugs, acting on opioid receptors to produce pain relief

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Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that affect the brain and alter consciousness, mood, and behavior

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Stimulants

Substances that increase neural activity and elevate mood and energy levels

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Addiction

A psychological and physical dependence on a substance or behavior

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Tolerance

The condition in which a person requires more of a substance to achieve the same effect due to repeated use

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Withdrawal

The physical and psychological symptoms experience when a person stops using a substance they are dependent on

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Amygdala

A brain region involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and pleasure

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Hippocampus

A brain structure essential for memory formation and spatial navigation

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Hypothalamus

A brain region that regulates various bodily function, including temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms

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Thalamus

A brain structure that serves as a relay station for sensory information

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Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, action, and emotion

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Frontal Lobe

The part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and emotional regulation

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Motor Cortex

A region in the frontal lobe responsible for the planning and execution of voluntary movements

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Somatosensory Cortex

A region in the parietal lobe that processes sensory information from the body

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Temporal Lobe

The part of the brain associated with processing auditory information and memory

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Occipital Lobe

The region of the brain responsible for processing visual information

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Parietal Lobe

The part of the brain that processes sensory information related to touch, temperature, and pain

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Prefrontal Cortex

A region in the frontal lobe involved in complex cognitive behavior, decision-making, and moderating social behavior

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Corpus Callosum

A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain facilitating communication between the,

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Plasticity

The brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to experience and learning

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Broca’s Area and Aphasia

A region in the frontal lobe associated with speech production; damage ca result in Broca’s aphasia, characterized by difficulty in speech production.

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Wernicke’s Area and Aphasia

A region in the temporal lobe involved in language comprehension; damage can lead to Wernicke’s aphasia, where individuals have difficulty understanding language

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Contralateral Control

The principle that each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

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Association Areas

Regions of the brain involved in integrating and processing information from multiple sources, contributing to higher-level functions.