Respiratory and Digestive Systems

Chapters 25 + 26

What is seen leaving the larynx and entering the lungs?

trachea

What paranasal sinus is superior?

frontal sinus

What paranasal sinus is inferior to the frontal sinus?

ethmoid sinus

What paranasal sinus is the most inferior?

maxillary sinus

What paranasal sinus is the most posterior?

sphenoid sinus

What part of the respiratory system produces sound?

larynx

What is the main conducting airway for inhaled air?

nose and nasal cavities

What is the nose supported by, forming the bridge of the nose?

nasal bones

What is anterior/inferior to the nasal bones?

cartilaginous dorsum nasi

What divides the nose into right and left portions?

nasal septum

What is the function of the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae?

slows down and mixes air

What are the three sections of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What tissue type is the nasopharynx lined with?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What tissue type is the oropharynx lined with?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What tissue type is the laryngopharynx lined with?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

What is the largest and most anterior cartilage of the larynx?

thyroid cartilage

What is inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx?

cricoid cartilage

What is spoon shaped and closes the opening to the larynx when swallowing?

epiglottis

What do the paired cartilages of the larynx deal with?

sound protection

What is anterior to the esophagus and is supported by C-shaped cartilage semi-rings?

trachea

What tissue type are bronchi lined with?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What do bronchi branch into?

bronchioles

What do bronchioles lack?

cartilaginous rings

What tissue type are bronchioles lined with?

simple columnar epithelium

What do the walls of bronchioles contain?

smooth muscle

What does the smooth muscle of bronchioles produce?

bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation

What do bronchioles branch into, which are the last tubes of the conduction portion of the respiratory system?

terminal bronchioles

What do terminal bronchioles branch into as we move to the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

respiratory bronchioles

What do respiratory bronchioles branch into?

alveolar ducts

What are the blind sacks that alveolar ducts end in?

alveoli

What tissue type are the walls of alveoli made of?

simple squamous epithelium

What allows for gas exchange in alveoli?

pulmonary capillaries

In the alveolar wall, what are the alveolar type I cells made of?

simple squamous epithelium

What do alveolar type I cells promote?

rapid gas exchange

What do alveolar type II cells produce?

pulmonary surfactant

What do pulmonary surfactants reduce and prevent?

reduces surface tension within the alveoli, prevents collapse of the alveoli

What is the barrier gases must pass through in the lungs for gas exchange to occur?

respiratory membrane

What does the respiratory membrane consist of?

plasma membrane of alveoli, plasma membrane of capillaries, fluid basement membrane of both cells

What keeps the two cells (alveoli and capillaries) together and provides spacing between the capillaries around the alveoli?

fluid basement membranes of both cells

What cavities are the lungs located in?

pleural cavities of the thoracic cavity

What separates the pleural cavities?

mediastinum

What serous membrane lines the pleural cavity?

parietal pleura

What serous membrane tightly binds to the outside of the lung?

visceral pleura

What do the two serous membranes of the plerual cavities contain?

serous fluid

How many lobes does the right lung contain?

three

How many lobes does the left lung contain?

two

What is the area where tubes pass into or out of the lungs?

hilum

What specifically passes through the hilum of the lungs?

arteries and veins that are part of the pulmonary system

What is the circulatory system that supplies the lungs?

bronchiol circulation

What moves atmosphere into and out of the lungs?

pulmonary ventilation

According to Boyle’s law, what leads to inhalation?

volume in thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases

According to Boyle’s law, what leads to exhalation?

volume in thoracic cavity decreases, pressure increases

What muscles are involved in inhalation/exhalation?

diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals (only during forced exhalation)

Where is the respiratory system found?

medulla oblongata

What group receives information from sensory receptors in the body and relays that information to the ventral respiratory group?

dorsal respiratory group

What group controls inhalation and exhalation by way of stimulating the phrenic and intercostal nerves, which stimulate the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles?

ventral respiratory group

What organs are products of the gastrointestinal tract?

digestive organs

What organs develop as outgrowths of the gastrointestinal tube?

accessory digestive organs

What is a function of salivary glands?

antibacterial action

What salivary gland has saliva leaving the gland through the duct, which enters the mouth in the cheek at the level of the 1st upper molar?

parotid gland

What salivary gland has duct openings found on either side of the lingual frenum, just posterior to the mandibular central incisors?

submandibular gland

What salivary gland has multiple small glands, in which each small gland has a small duct that empties inferior to the tongue?

sublingual gland

What method of movement of material through the GI tract contracts and relaxes the smooth musles that surround the tube, allowing material to move in one direction down the tube?

peristalsis

What method of movement of material through the GI tract has minimal mixing?

peristalsis

What method of movement of material through the GI tract has the material moving both forward and backward, and majority of the mixing occuring in the tubes that are subject to this form of propulsion?

segmentation

What connects the laryngopharynx to the stomach?

esophagus

What prevents air from entering the stomach?

superior esophageal sphincter

What prevents stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus?

inferior esophageal sphincter

Where does peristalsis mainly occur?

esophagus

What is the purpose of the esophagus?

transport material from the laryngopharynx to the stomach

What moist serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum

What serous membrane lines the inside of the abdominopelvic cavity?

parietal peritoneum

What serous membrane completely covers the organ?

visceral peritoneum

What is the underlying layer of the visceral peritoneum called?

serosa

What are organs that are surrounded by visceral peritoneum (having a serosa)?

intraperitoneal organs

What is the underlying layer of the visceral layer that only covers a part of the organ (usually the anterolateral surface)?

adventitia

What are the organs that contact the posterior abdominal and pelvic walls and, therefore, are covered on their anterolateral surfaces (having an adventitia)?

retroperitoneal organs

What are serosa and adventitia made of?

areolar connective tissue

What are comprised of folds of peritoneum that help support and stabilize intraperitoneal organs of the GI tract?

mesenteries

What is located between the two folds of peritoneum within mesenteries?

blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves

What messentery extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs like an apron?

greater omentum

What messentery connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver?

lesser omentum

What mesentery suspends majority of the small intestine from the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity?

mesentery proper

What receives the bolus from the esophagus and eventually through mechanical and chemical digestion?

stomach

What does the stomach convert bolus into?

chyme

What is the area of the stomach where the esophagus joins the stomach?

cardia

What is the narrow neck at the inferior end of the stomach?

pylorus

What is located in the pylorus and regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum?

pyloric sphincter

What allows the stomach to expand when full and then return to the “J” shape when empty?

gastric folds

Where does chemical digestion and most of the nutrient absorption occur?

small intestine

What is found running in the length of the small intestine?

circular folds

Where do the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder and the main pancreatic duct join and enter the duodenum at?

hepatopancreatic ampulla

What is the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

major duodenal papilla

Where does the jujenum join the duodenum at?

duodenojejunal flexure

Where does majority of the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?

jejunum

How does the ileum terminate at the distal end?

ileocecal valve

What are the multiple microscopic projections that the circular folds of the jejunum contain?

villi

What are smaller projections that the villi in the circular folds of the jejunum are covered with?

microvilli

What do villi and microvilli add to the small intestine’s inner surface for increased opportunity to absorb nutrients from the ingested material?

surface area

Do villi and microvilli become more or less as the tract progresses down through the ileum?

less