Materials of Engineering CH6,7 Test Vocab

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47 Terms

1

Hot Working of Metals

permanent deformation of metals and alloys above the temperature at which a strain-free microstructure is produced continuously

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2

Cold Working of Metals

permanent deformation of metals and alloys below the temperature at which strain-free microstructure is produced continuously

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3

Annealing

a heat treatment used on a metal to soften it

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4

Extrusion

a plastic-forming process in which a material under high pressure is reduced in cross section by forcing it through an opening in a die

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5

Forging

a primary-processing method for working metals into useful shapes in which the metal is hammered or pressed into shape

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6

Wire Drawing

a process in which wire stock is drawn through one or more tapered dies to the desired cross section

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7

Deep Drawing

a metal-forming process for shaping flat sheets of metal into cup-shaped articles

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8

Elastic Deformation

if a metal deformed by a force returns to its original dimensions after the force is removed

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9

Engineering Stress

average uniaxial force divided by the original length of sample

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10

Engineering Strain

change in length of sample divided by the original length of sample

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11

Shear Stress

shear force S divided by the area A over which the shear force acts

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12

Shear Strain

shear displacement a divided by the distance h over which the shear acts

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13

Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram

experimental plot of engineering stress versus engineering strain

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14

Modulus of Elasticity, E

stress divided by strain in the elastic region of an engineering stress-strain diagram for a metal

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15

Yield Strength

the stress at which a specific amount of strain occurs in the engineering tensile test

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16

Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)

the maximum stress in the engineering stress-strain diagram

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17

Hardness

a measure of the resistance of a material to permanent deformation

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18

Slip

the process of atoms moving over each other during the permanent deformation of a metal

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19

Slipbands

line markings on the surface of a metal due to slip caused by permanent deformation

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20

Slip System

a combination of a slip plane and a slip direction

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21

Deformation Twinning

A plastic deformation process that occurs in some metals and under certain conditions. In this process, a large group of atoms displaced to form a region of a metal crystal lattice that is a mirror image of a similar region along a twinning plane

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22

Hall-Petch Relationship

an empirical equation that relates the strength of a metal to its grain size

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23

Strain Hardening

the hardening of a metal or alloy by cold working. During cold working, dislocations multiply and interact, leading to an increase in the strength of the metal

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24

Solid-Solution Hardening

strengthening a metal by alloying additions that form solid solutions. dislocations have more difficulty moving through a metal lattice when the atoms are different in size and electrical characteristics, as is the case with solid solutions

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25

Recovery

the first stage in the annealing process that results in removal of residual stresses and formation of low-energy dislocation configurations

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26

Recrystallization

the second stage of the annealing process in which new grains start to grow and dislocation density decreases significantly

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27

Grain Growth

the third stage of the annealing process in which new grains start to grow in an equiaxed manner

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28

Annealing

a heat-treatment process applied to a cold-worked metal to soften it

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29

Superplasticity

the ability of some metals to deform plastically by 1000% to 2000% at high temperatures and low loading rates

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30

Nanocrystalline Metals

metals with grain size smaller than 100 nm

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31

Ductile Fracture

a mode of fracture characterized by slow crack propagation. ductile fracture surfaces of metals are usually dull with a fibrous appearance

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32

Brittle Fracture

a mode of fracture characterized by rapid crack propagation. brittle fracture surfaces of metals are usually shiny and have a granular appearance

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33

Transgranular Fracture

a type of brittle fracture in which the crack propagates across the grain

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34

Intergranular Fracture

a type of brittle in which the crack propagates along the grain boundary

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35

Ductile-To-Brittle Transition (DBT)

observed reduced ductility and fracture resistance of a material when temperature is low

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36

Surface Energy per Unit Area

the energy associated with the surface created as a result of fracture

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37

Theoretical Strength

fracture strength in a flawless body (without defects), determined by basic principles

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38

Stress Concentration Factor

the amplification of stress influenced by the geometry of the component and the defect, represented by the ratio of maximum stress to far field or normal stress

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39

Fracture Toughness

the critical value of stress intensity factor, a material property, at which a preexisting crack extends and the plate fails

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40

Fatigue

the phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated stresses having a maximum value less than the ultimate strength of the material

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41

Fatigue Failure

failure that occurs when a specimen undergoing fatigue fractures into two parts or otherwise has been significantly reduced in stiffness

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42

Fatigue Life

the number of cycles of stress or strain of a specific character that a sample sustains before failure

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43

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate

the rate of crack growth extension by constant amplitude fatigue loading

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44

Creep

time-dependent deformation of a material when subjected to a constant load or stress

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45

Creep Rate

the slope of the creep-time curve at a given time

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46

Creep-Rupture Strength

the stress that will cause fracture in a creep test at a given time and in a specific environment at a particular temperature

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47

LM Parameter

a time-temperature parameter used to predict stress rupture due to creep

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