Introduction to Computing: Computer Basics and Generations

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the notes on computer basics, generations, hardware/software, and related concepts.

Computer

An electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data.

Data

Information that a computer can store, retrieve, and process.

Vacuum Tube

An electronic device used to control the flow of electrons; used in early computers and are bulky (e.g., ENIAC).

ENIAC

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer; one of the first general‑purpose electronic computers built in the 1940s by Eckert and Mauchly.

UNIVAC

Universal Automatic Computer; one of the first commercially available electronic computers.

Transistor

A semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals; enabled second‑generation computers to be smaller and faster.

Integrated Circuit

A microelectronic circuit built on a single silicon chip; fundamental to third‑generation computers.

Microprocessor

A single chip that contains the core processing unit and circuits for arithmetic, logic, and control; basis of modern CPUs and fourth‑generation computers.

Artificial Intelligence

A field of computing focused on creating machines that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence.

IBM

International Business Machines; a multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, NY.

IBM 1401

An IBM computer example from the transistor era, illustrating second‑generation computing.

First Generation Computers

Computers based on vacuum tubes; large, slow, and heat‑generating.

Second Generation Computers

Computers based on transistors; smaller and faster than the first generation.

Third Generation Computers

Computers based on integrated circuits; smaller, cheaper, and more reliable.

Fourth Generation Computers

Computers based on microprocessors; includes personal computers like the IBM PC.

Fifth Generation Computers

Computers oriented toward artificial intelligence and advanced computing features (e.g., IBM Watson).

IBM PC

Personal computer introduced by IBM; became a standard for desktop computing.

IBM System/360

IBM family of mainframe computers introduced in 1964 to cover a wide range of applications.

Mainframe

A large, powerful computer used by organizations for bulk data processing and critical applications.

Mid‑range Computer

A medium‑sized computer used for specific tasks within large operations.

Microcomputer

A small, personal computer intended for individual use.

Handheld Computer

A very small computer that fits in one hand; also called palm‑top computers.

Palm‑top Computer

Another term for a handheld, palm‑sized computer.

Desktop Computer

A personal computer designed for use at a desk; widely used in offices and homes.

Supercomputer

The most powerful computers available, used by large organizations and governments.

Five Types of Computers

The categories: supercomputers, mainframes, mid‑range computers, microcomputers, and handheld/palm‑top computers.

Hardware

Physical components of a computer or electronic system.

Software

Programs that run on a computer.

System Software

Programs that manage and support the computer hardware (e.g., operating systems, drivers).

Application Software

Programs used by end users to perform tasks and process data.

Algorithm

A step‑by‑step procedure for solving a problem or performing a computation.

Pseudocode

A human‑readable description of code or algorithms, written in plain language and not executable.

Flowchart

A graphical diagram showing the sequence of steps in a process or algorithm.

Input

Data entered into a computer via input devices.

Output

Information produced after processing, displayed via output devices.

Memory

Devices used to store data for future use.

Connectivity Applications

Software that enables network access and internet connectivity (e.g., web browsers).

Web Browser

Software used to access and browse the internet.

Internet Explorer

A web browser developed by Microsoft.

Netscape Navigator

An early web browser used to access the internet.