human dec ch 20

School-aged age range

6-12 years old

Calories needed per day (school-age)

Approximately 1200-1600 calories per day

Meals for school-aged children

3 balanced meals plus healthy snacks

Common nutritional deficiencies

Iron, calcium, and vitamin C

Major nutritional concerns

High fat and sodium intake, low fruits and vegetables

Factors influencing poor nutrition

Busy schedules, eating out, media influence, food insecurity

Nursing intervention for nutrition

Involve children in planning snacks and meals; encourage trying new fruits and vegetables

Obesity definition (children 2-18)

BMI greater than the 95th percentile

Overweight definition (children 2-18)

BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile

Health risks of childhood obesity

Sleep apnea, hypertension, diabetes, orthopedic problems, low self-esteem

Recommended daily physical activity

At least 60 minutes per day

Types of physical activity

Aerobic, muscle-strengthening, and bone-strengthening

Importance of play

Develops motor skills, social skills, responsibility, and coping abilities

Piaget stage for school-aged child

Concrete operational stage

Concrete operational thinking

Thinking is logical but focused on concrete objects, not abstract ideas

Cognitive abilities gained

Conservation, classification, ordering, understanding time

Best teaching method for school-aged children

Hands-on, concrete examples

Vision expectations

20/30 or better; routine vision screening recommended

Myopia

Difficulty seeing distant objects

Hyperopia

Difficulty seeing near objects

Astigmatism

Blurred vision due to uneven cornea or lens

Hearing development

Hearing mostly mature by age 7

Language development by age 12

Uses full sentences and about 10,000 + words

Dyslexia

Difficulty reading and writing, often reversing letters or numbers

Learning disability prevalence

About 14% of children ages 6-17

ADHD definition

Inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity inappropriate for age

ADHD diagnosis criteria

Symptoms present for at least 6 months in multiple settings

ADHD nursing role

Educate parents, support accommodations, emphasize strengths

Erikson stage for school-aged children

Industry vs. inferiority

Goal of industry vs. inferiority

Develop competence and confidence

Nursing support for Erikson stage

Praise effort, encourage skill-building activities

Kohlberg moral development stage

Conventional morality

Conventional morality focus

Rules, fairness, and approval from authority figures

Role changes in school-age

Increased independence, chores, and responsibilities

Positive reinforcement

Adding a reward to increase behavior

Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior

Child abuse definition

Physical, sexual, emotional abuse, or neglect

Common abuse indicators

Conflicting injury stories, fear of touch, repeated injuries

Who commits most abuse

Someone known to the child, often an authority figure

Nurse's role in suspected abuse

Mandated reporter; must report suspected abuse