11.1 and 11.4

Homologous

each of the four chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Meiosis

when the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Meiosis I

when the chromosome pairs are separated; not the single chromsome

Prophase I

each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome; crossing over occurs

tetrad

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

crossing-over

lined up in homologous pairs; transferring of genetic info

metaphase 1

chromosomes pairs line up in the middle

anaphase I

chromosomes are pulled away from pair

Telophase I

two newly formed nuclei

Cytokinesis

Follows telophase, forming two new cells

Zygote

fertilized egg

Diploid number

2 times haploid number

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis: two sets of genetic material separate, each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes (46)

Meiosis: homologous chromosomes line up and then move to separate daughter cells (23)

genetics

Study of heredity

fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

trait

specific characteristic of an individual

hybrids

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

genes

factors that are passed from parent to offspring

alleles

Different forms of a gene

Segregation

Separation of alleles during gamete formation

Gametes

sex cells

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

same as mitosis