morphology exam

Empty morph

When a morph does not realize a morpeheme
A morph that does not represent any morpheme

Zero morph

A morph that is not represented physically
A morph that is not overtly represented

Allomorph

A phonologically distinct variant of a morpheme
Different morphs that represent the same morpheme

Portmanteau morph

A morph that realizes various morphemes
A morph that simultaneously represents several grammatical elements

Number of morphemes of the word "untruthfulness"

un.tru.th.ful.ness
{un}: prefix, negation
{tru}: true
{th}: noun
{ful}: adj
{ness}: noun

Morph

Physical realization of a morpheme

Conversion

A type of word formation in whicch the category of a base is changed with no corresponding change in its form. For example, in English the verb to chair is formed by conversion from the noun chair

Clipping

Formation of a new word form with the same meaning but diferent lopping of a portion of it

Blending

A type of word formation in which parts of words that are not themselves morphemes are combined to form a new word

Backformations

A morphological process in which a word is formed by subtracting a piece, usually an affix, from a word which is or appears to be complex

Endocentric

Having a head. In ... compounds the compound as a whole is the same category and semantic type as its head

Exocentric

Lacking a head. In ... compounds the compound as a whole is not of the category or semantic type of either of its elements

Copulative

Is a construction in which all the constituents are in the same level

Umlaut

The fronting of a back vowel if the next syllable contains a front vowel (goose/geese)

Ablaut

It refers to the change in a root vowel which indicates a change in the grammatical function (ring/rang)

4 differences between inflection and derivation

- Infection produces word-forms of a single lexeme (come, comes, coming: COME) while derivation produces new lexemes (kind-KIND)

- Infection does not alter word-class (buy v, buys v) whilst in derivation there is a possible shift in word-class (hard adj, hardship noun)

- Infection is relevant to the syntax but derivation is not relevant to the syntax

- Infection cannot be iterated/repeated (cat-s-es), derivation can be iterated/repeated (tru(e)-th-ful)

Loanword

When you take the term itself and its meaning, without any kind of change. Direct: omelette (direct from French to English) Indirect: cofee: kahveh (turkish)-kahva (arabic)- kofe (dutch)-cofee

Loanshift

When you take the meaning of the word but you change the term. en principe --> in principle

How many allomorphs of the morpheme {path} are there?

There are two /pɑːθ/ and /pa:ð/. Grammatically conditioned. In plural is with ð and in singular with θ

What type of language is Swahili?

Is an agglutinating language. It exhibits a pattern where verbs are formed by adding multiple afxes to the verb root, for example, atanipenda: a- (3rd person singular subject)n + ta- (future tense) + ni- (1st person singular object) + penda (root "love"). Each afx in Swahili generally carries a single grammatical meaning, such as subject, object, tense or aspect..

Swahili fts the characteristics of an agglutinating language because it uses multiple afxes to clearly and distinctly mark diferent grammatical functions without fusion or signifcant alteration of the afxes themselves. This systematic and rule-governed afxation process is a hallmark of agglutinative languages, making Swahili fundamentally an agglutinative language based on the linguistic data provided

Present the paradigm of the lexeme GIRL

| Number | Case | Form |

|-----------|--------------|--------|

| Singular | Nominative | girl |

| Singular | Possessive | girl's |

| Plural | Nominative | girls |

| Plural | Possessive | girls' |

Root, stem and base of teacher, untruthful, wheelchair, worked, applicants

teach / teacher / teach, teacher

truth / truthful / truthful

wheel, chair / wheelchair / wheel, chair

work / work / worked

apply / applicant / apply

What are the lexemes of taller and uncorck

tall and uncorck

Syncretism

It occurs when an identical word form belongs to the same lexeme but it fulflls a diferent grammatical word. I run yesterday - I have run

Homonym

Two identical words in pronunciation and in writing with unrelated meanings. Two diferent lexemes bark (dog) and bark (tree)

Trysillabic rule

It is a historical phonological process that afects certain vowels in words. Every time you attatch a sufx and by attaching it you build a word of three syllables or more; the tense vowel (long vowels and diphthongs) of the root is going to be laxed (short vowels). For example Here, the stressed vowel /iː/ in "serene" (/səˈriːn/) becomes lax /ɛ/ in "serenity” /səˈrɛnɪti/. The stressed vowel /aɪ/ in "divine" (/dɪˈvaɪn/) becomes lax /ɪ/ in "divinity” /dɪˈvɪnɪti/

What process or processes have been involved in the creation of the followign words? AIds, Lab, CD, Brunch, Motel, Laser, A light (noun) to light (verb) and Juggler = to juggle

- Aids: acronym, Acquired Immunodefciency Sindrome

- Lab: clipping, Laboratory

- CD: abbreviation, Compact Disc

- Brunch: blending, breakfast + lunch

- Motel: blending, motor + hotel

- Laser: acronym, Light Amplifcation by the Simulated Emission of Radiation

- A light (noun) = to light (verb): conversion, The word "light" can be both a noun and a verb without changing form. This is called conversion. As a noun, it means something that shines; as a verb, it means to make something shine or catch fre

- Juggler = to juggle: backformation, Back-formation is when a new word is made by removing what looks like a word ending. "Juggle" came from "juggler," not the other way around.

Do the following compounds contradict the right head rule? why?

- Scissor-handles: yes, because the head is on the right

- Notaries public: no, because the head is on the left

- Mothers-in-law: no, because the head is on the left

- Overreacted: yes, because the head is on the right (reacted)

Explain which factors limit productivity in the following examples: Dryen, A two-carred family, Governorhood and Unill

- Dryen: phonological constrain, the sufx en only goes with fricatives, africates and plossives

- A two-carred family: semantic constrain, it is not a part of a family, it is not a physical part of the family. For example, if we say, red hair woman, we will see that her red hair is a physical part of that woman, because her hair is red

- Governorhood: morphological constrain, is latinette, and the sufx hood only goes with english native words

- Unill: semantic constrains, because the prefx un only goes with positive words, not negative ones