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What are the three key elements of the scientific attitude in psychology?
Curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
What is hindsight bias?
The tendency to believe that after learning an outcome, one would have foreseen it.
What does the correlation coefficient indicate?
The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
What is the difference between positive and negative correlations?
In a positive correlation, both variables increase or decrease together; in a negative correlation, one variable increases as the other decreases.
What is an independent variable in an experiment?
The factor that is manipulated by the researcher.
What is a dependent variable in an experiment?
The outcome that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.
What is the placebo effect?
An experimental result caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance that the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Why is random assignment important in experiments?
It helps minimize preexisting differences between experimental and control groups.
What ethical considerations are in place for human research participants?
Informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, and debriefing.
What ethical guidelines safeguard animal research subjects?
Humane care and healthful conditions, minimizing discomfort, and ensuring compliance with regulations.
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