Bio exam 2

What are the three main shapes of bacteria? 

* Bacillus (rod-shaped) 
* Coccus (spherical-shape) 


* Spirillum (spiral-shaped) 

What does the flagella do for bacteria? 

Enables movement & chemotaxis 

HOW does the flagella of bacteria move them

Ion motive force rotates the flagellar filament to generate thrust to propel the cell body 

What are some of the internal structures of bacteria

* Cytoplasm 


* Ribosomes 


* Nucleoide 

Do bacteria have true organelles

No

What are pili and fimbriae?

Thin, protein tubes originating from the cytoplasmic membrane of many bacteria 

What are pili?

Long hair-like tubular microfibers found on the surface of bacteria.

What are Fimbriae?

Bristle like short fibers occurring on the bacterial surface. 

What is a capsule for bacteria?

Outer layer of polysaccharides that covers the cells of many different

What is the benefit of the capsule for the bacteria?

Protect bacteria from toxic compounds & desiccation & allowing them to adhere to surfaces & to escape the immune system of the host 

What is the microbiome? 

The microorganisms in a particular environment. 

What are probiotics? 

\n Live microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits when introduced or applied to the body. 

What are prebiotics? 

\n Non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.

What is the size of bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells? 

\n About one-tenth of a eukaryote cell 

What are plasmids? 

\n A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes. 

What kind of genes are on plasmids?

\n Anti-biotic resistance genes, transgenes & reporter genes. 

What is the shape of the bacterial chromosome? 

\n Circular 

What is the function of the nucleus? 

Controls & regulates the activities of the cell & carries the genes 

In what type of cell would organelles be found? 

Eukaryotic cell 

What is the shape of eukaryotic chromosomes? 

Linear 

In which organelle are eukaryotic chromosomes found? 

The nucleus  

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? 

Helps synthesize & concentrate various substances needed by the cell 

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? 

Involved in the synthesis of proteins  

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus? 

Helps process & package proteins & lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell 

What is the function of the lysosome? 

* Functions as the digestive system of the cell, breaks down excess or worn-out cell parts  
* They may be used to destroy invading viruses & bacteria 

Are viruses alive? WHY or why not? 

No, they do not grow or reproduce themselves 

Could one type of virus infect all cells? 

No

What are viruses typically made of? 

A single molecule of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

What is mitosis? 

The process of dividing the duplicated DNA of a cell into two new nuclei. 

How many copies of each chromosome do MOST Eukaryotic cells have? 

Two copies 

What is diploid? 

The presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair 

What is haploid? 

The presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells 

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position & centromere location. 

HOW do alleles differ from genes?

Genes mutate & can take two or more alternative forms; an allele is one of these forms of a gene 

What is a chromosome? 

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic info in the form of genes 

What is a sister chromatid? 

The identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome 

What is a centromere? 

The region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach 

What happens during prophase of mitosis? 

The DNA condenses, organizes, & the classic chromosome structure appears. 

What happens during prometaphase of mitosis? 

Microtubules attach to the chromosomes. 

What happens during metaphase? WHAT lines up on the metaphase plate of mitosis? 

The chromosomes align. 

What happens during Anaphase of mitosis? 

The chromosomes separate. 

What happens during Telophase of mitosis? 

Nuclear membranes reappear around the two sets of chromosomes. 

Are human cells diploid or haploid after mitosis? 

Diploid 

What is Meiosis? 

Type of cell division that produces gametes. 

What happens during prophase 1 of Meiosis? 

The complex of DNA & protein known as chromatin condenses to form chromosomes 

What happens during Metaphase 1 of Meiosis?

The homologous pairs of chromosomes align on either side of the equatorial plate.  

WHAT lines up on the metaphase plate?

Each of the 46 chromosomes. 

What happens during Anaphase 1 and 2 of Meiosis?

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What happens during Telophase 1 and 2 of Meiosis?

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What are anabolic reactions?

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What are catabolic reactions?

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What is glycolysis?

1 glucose is broken into 2 pyruvates

What is the krebs/citric acid/TCA cycle?

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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

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What is the electron transport chain?

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Where and HOW is the majority of ATP made in the cell (not asking for location but the process?

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Where does respiration occur in eukaryotes?

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Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotes?

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What is chlorophyll? 

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How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar in regards to H?

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State one fact about C3 plants.

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State one fact about C4 plants.

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State one fact about CAM plants

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Which of the following photosynthetic methods is best at conserving water C3, C4, or CAM?

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