AP Human Geography Review Flashcards

Flashcards of vocabulary terms for AP Human Geography.

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Computer systems that can store, analyze and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets

Remote sensing

The use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites to collect digital images or video of the earth’s surface.

Landscape analysis

The task of defining and describing landscapes.

Smartphone/computer apps

Location-aware apps that gather, store, and use locational data from computers or other personal devices.

Aerial photography

Professional images captured from planes within the atmosphere.

Spatial data

All the information that can be tied to specific locations.

Global Positioning System

GPS receivers on the earth’s surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receiver’s exact location.

Built-environment

The city's roads, bridges, and buildings, has been carefully designed to promote sustainability and resilience.

sense of place

The historic district's unique architecture and vibrant community events create a strong feeling for both residents and visitors.

renewable

Investing in energy sources like solar and wind power is crucial for reducing our carbon footprint and combating climate change.

Environmental determinism

Suggests that the physical environment, particularly the climate and terrain, shapes human societies and cultural development.

distance decay

The influence of the central business district diminishes as one moves further away from the city center.

location

40N and 74W

non-renewable

Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are because they take millions of years to form and are being depleted faster than they can be replenished.

Possibilism

In human geography suggests that while the environment sets certain constraints, human culture and innovation can overcome these limitations to shape societal development.

site

Was selected based on its proximity to major transportation routes and its elevation above flood-prone areas.

spatial interaction

Advancements in transportation and communication technologies have significantly increased between distant regions, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices.

situation

Is that it is located on the Potomac River, surrounded by the states of Virginia and Maryland.

toponym

'New York' reflects the city's historical connection to York in England.

Population distribution

is the pattern of human settlement- the spread of people across the earth. Representing it on a map highlights places that are crowded, sparsely settled, or even empty.

Population density

is a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area. It measures how crowded a place is.

arithmetic population density

calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area.

physiological population density

By dividing population by the amount of arable land, or land suitable for growing, we can calculate the

agricultural population density

The number of farmers divided by the arable land is called and is useful to show how effective an area’s farmers are.

overpopulated

When a region has more people than it can support, that means it is

Crude Birth Rate

Number of life births per year per 1,000 people

Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths per year per 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children who would be born per women ages 15 to 49

Rate of Natural Increase

Percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining

Malthusian Theory

Food production will increase steadily, but population will eventually grow faster, leading to overpopulation

Boserup Theory

The more people there are, the more hands to work, therefore food production and population increase together

Neo-Malthusian Theory

Still argue that Malthus’ theory is true, even though it has not happened. Worried now about non-renewable resources

Antinatalist Policy

Policies that attempt to decrease the number of births

Pronatalist Policy

Programs designed to increase fertility

Voluntary migration

a movement made by choice

immigrant

a person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently

emigrate

when someone leaves a location

step migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

counter migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

forced migration

migration that is involuntary

internally displaced persons

migrants that move to another part of the same country due to political or environmental factors

refugees

migrant that moves to another country due to political or environmental factors

asylum

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear if harm or death

internal migration

movement that occurs within a country

guest-worker policies

policies that regulate the number of workers that can temporarily enter a country to work in a specific industry

xenophobia

strong dislike of a specific culture

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

Cultural hearth

The area in which a unique culture or trait begins

Diffusion

The spread of people, ideas, and culture

Traditional culture

Passed down, long-held beliefs, values, and practices

Folk culture

Beliefs and practices of a small, homogeneous group of people

Pop culture

Cultural traits spread quickly over a large area

assimilation

happens when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.

nativist

belief of protecting the native-born population of a country or cultural group.

syncretism

the fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait.

acculturation

when an ethnic group moving to a new area adopts the values of the larger group while still maintaining elements of their own culture.

multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society.

Nation-state

Nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state: Japan & Iceland

Multi-national state

A country that contains more than one state: Canada

Autonomous region

Defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government

Semi-autonomous region

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule: Native Americans

Stateless nation

A cultural group that has no political entity: Palestine, Kurds, Navajo

Multi-state nation

When a nation has a state of its own, but stretches across borders of other states: Korea

Subsequent boundary

This boundary is typically created while the cultural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time.

Defined boundary

This type of boundary is established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another.

Militarized boundary

A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing.

Geometric boundary

A straight line or arc drawn by people that does not closely follow any physical feature.

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

This document was signed by more than 150 countries between 1973 and 1982, and defined four different zones of the sea.

Antecedent boundary

This type of boundary preceded the development of the cultural landscape.

Delimited boundary

this type of boundary is drawn by a cartographer tp show the limits of a space.

Consequent boundary

A type of subsequent border that takes into account already-existing cultural or physical landscape.

Superimposed boundary

This type of boundary is drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns.

Open boundary

An unguarded boundary that people can easily cross.

Shatterbelt

A place located between two very different and contentious regions.

Relic boundary

A boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes but evidence of it still exists on the landscape.

Demarcated boundary

This type of boundary is identified by physical objects placed on the landscape.

Voting districts

Internal boundaries that divide a country’s electorate into subnational regions

Electorate

People of a country who are eligible to vote

Census

A count of the population, taken every 10 years in the United States

Redistricting

State legislatures redraw district boundaries so that each district contains roughly the same amount of people

Gerrymandering

Drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power. Cracking, packing, stacking, hijacking, and kidnapping

Devolution

Collapse of the Soviet Union- 15 republics decide independence

Ethnic separatism

Catalonia & Basque Country in Spain

Ethnic cleansing

Yugoslavia, the Holocaust, Native Americans

Terrorism

Al Qaeda’s attacks in E. Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, & the United States

Irredentism

Nagorno-Karabakh region: Armenia & Azerbaijan

Subnationalism

French-speakers in Quebec, Canada, having stronger loyalty to Quebec

Balkanization

Break up of Yugoslavia

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

This organization seeks mutually beneficial trade agreements to foster economic growth within Southeast Asian countries.

African Union

Mission: to advocate peace, security, and stability on the African continent through greater cooperation, economic development and global integration.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The goal of this organization is to have countries around the world agree to a set of fair and non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade.

United Nations (UN)

Mission: to promote peace, security, and human rights. Was founded after World War II.

European Union (EU)

This organization is comprised of 27 states that has a single-market free-trade zone and movement toward standardized system of laws.

Arctic Council

Mission: to foster cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states with participation of Arctic indigenous communities.

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

This regional, economic supranational organization began as the treaty known as NAFTA.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

This organization’s mission is to coordinate and unify its members’ petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

This organization is comprised of 30 members between North America and Europe, and has a mission of providing mutual defense aid for members.

Subsistence Agriculture

Main goal is to grow enough food to meet the needs of the farmer and their family

Commercial Agriculture

Main goals is to grow enough food to have a surplus to sell for a profit

Intensive Agriculture

Practices that require large amounts of time, energy, and money. Produces large yields