Cells Quiz 1 Vocab Cards - Mrs. Moody - Honors Biology

Central Dogma of Biology

The process of making a protein of DNA

Cell Theory

1.) Every cell is made of pre-existing cells

2.) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

3.) Every living thing is made of at least 1 cell

Multicellular

Organisms made of multiple cells working together

Prokaryote

Cells without a nucleus (bacteria)

Eukaryote

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Nucleoid

The area where DNA is found in prokaryotes

DNA

Genetic material that contains instructions for everything the cell needs

Double Helix

The twisted ladder shape of DNA

Gene

A segment of DNA that codes for one specific trait or protein

Nucleotide

The building blocks of DNA and RNA

Nucleus

Stores and protects DNA

Nuclear Membrane

Double phospholipid bilayer surrounding the nucleus

Nuclear Pores

Holes in the nuclear membrane that regulate what enters/exits

Nucleolus

Dark area inside nucleus where rRNA is made

Transcription

Process of making mRNA from DNA

Translation

Process of reading mRNA to make a polypeptide

mRNA

Messenger RNA; the “cheap copy” of DNA that carries instructions

Ribosome

The organelle that reads mRNA and makes polypeptide chains

Large Subunit

The top part of the ribosome

Small Subunit

The bottom part of the ribosome

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA; what ribosome are made of

Polypeptide Chain

Chain of amino acids; primary structure of protein

Amino Acids

Building blocks (monomers) of proteins

Peptide Bonds

Bonds that connect amino acids together

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER with ribosomes; folds polypeptide chains into proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER without ribosomes; makes lipids and detoxifies

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Folded membranes attached to the nucleus

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies and packages proteins

Transport Vesicle

Membrane sac that moves materials between organelles

Secretory Vesicle

Membrane sac that moves materials out of the cell

Vesicle

Membrane around any substance that needs temporary protection

Phospholipid

Type of lipid that makes up cell membranes

Phospholipid Bilayer

Double layer of phospholipids in membranes

Polar

Hydrolitic part of phospholipid (Head)

Non-Polar

Hydrophobic part of phospholipid (Tails)

Exocytosis

Process where materials leave the cell

Cell Membrane

Outer boundary of the cell

Endomembrane System

Organelles that work together to make and transport proteins

Membrane-Bound Organelles

Organelles surrounded by membranes

Organelle

Specialized structures inside cells that perform specific functions

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance inside cells where organelles float

Protein

Folded polypeptide chain that performs specific functions

Primary Structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Folding

Process that turns polypeptide chains into functional proteins

Secretion

Process of releasing materials from a cell

Modification

Changes made to proteins in the Golgi Apparatus

Membrane Recycling

How cells reuse phospholipids without wasting them

Three Domains

Bactera, Archaea, Eurkaryotes

Kingdoms

Subdivisions of Eukaryotes (Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi)

Transcription vs Translation

DNA to mRNA vs mRNA to Protein