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Natural selection
The process through which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Gradualism
Theory developed by James Hutton and Charles Lyell suggesting that changes in the earth's geology occur slowly over time.
Fossil record
The preserved remains of ancient organisms that provide evidence for gradual changes over time.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Proposed the first major theory of evolution, suggesting that organisms could adapt to their environment and pass on changes.
Charles Darwin
Naturalist who published 'On the Origin of Species' and proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Darwin's finches
A group of bird species that evolved from a common ancestor and adapted to various ecological niches.
Principle of Variation
The concept that there is inherent variability within populations.
Principle of Heredity
The idea that variations are passed down through generations.
Selective pressure
Factors that influence which individuals survive and reproduce in a population.
Comparative anatomy
The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species, providing evidence for evolution.
Genetic polymorphism
The occurrence of two or more variations in a population, leading to genetic diversity.
Speciation
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
Allopatric speciation
Speciation that occurs when populations are geographically isolated from one another.
Sympatric speciation
Speciation that occurs when populations evolve in the same geographic area but exploit different resources.
Behavioral isolation
A form of reproductive isolation where different species have distinct mating behaviors.
Temporal isolation
A form of reproductive isolation where different species mate at different times.
Mechanical isolation
A form of reproductive isolation where different species have incompatible reproductive structures.
Gametic isolation
A form of reproductive isolation where sperm and egg are incompatible, preventing fertilization.
Hybrid sterility
A condition where hybrid offspring between two species are sterile and cannot reproduce.
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