Microbiology Exam 1- 2320 (already taken)

7 levels of classification (in order)

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Cell Theory: 3 Statements

1 the cell is the basic living unit, 2 all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, 3 living cells must arise from pre-existing cells

Three groups of microbes: Prokaryotic

bacteria and archaea

Three groups of microbes: Eukaryotic

Paramecium, euglena, yeast

Three groups of microbes: Noncellular

viruses

Hooke

discovered cells

Redi

Shot down spontaneous generation for big things like maggots

Leeuwenhoek

discovered microorganisms; considered to be the first microbiologist

Needham

wrote about the “vital force” he believed allowed microbes to generate from water

Spallanzani

discovered binary fission. He believed that microbes could not generate from water

Jenner

developed the first safe and effective vaccine

Nightingale

made people aware that wound infections were very common everywhere. Forced people to make patient treatment areas much cleaner

Pasteur

SAPSV: Shot down spontaneous generation for microorganisms. Figured out that yeast does a process called alcoholic fermentation to make the alcohol for beer, wine, etc. Developed a process that became known as pasteurization to disinfect a liquid, Figured out the cause of the silkworm disease. Created the term vaccine. Created the first rabies vaccine.

Lister

The first person to ever use antiseptics in healthcare

Koch

SHOPK: Invented a process for staining bacteria. Invented a slide called the hanging drop prep to look at live microbes all day. Invented the idea of using oil to improve the resolving power of a microscope. Invented a technique to grow pure cultures of bacteria on agar plates. Invented Koch’s postulates—a process to prove a certain microbe is causing a certain disease.

Discussion Question: Microbes in the Environment

Recycling nutrients

-Decomposition: microbes break down dead organisms, putting nutrients into the soil.

-Nitrogen fixation: N2 > soil bacteria > NH3 > plants

-Antibiotics: the majority are made by bacteria.

-Food products: bacteria are required to make food products like yogurt, cheese, and pickles.

Normal flora: 3 situations these microbes can be harmful: 1st situation

If normal flora microbes get somewhere in the body that they are not supposed to be.

Example: E. Coli in the bladder

Example: Candida albicans in the blood

Normal flora: 3 situations these microbes can be harmful: 2nd situation

If normal flora microbes reproduce too much and there are way too many of them.

Example: way too many candida albicans yeast in the mouth is a problem called thrush.

Normal flora: 3 situations these microbes can be harmful: 3rd situation

If normal flora microbes can take advantage of a compromised immune system.

Example: Staphylococcus aureus causing pneumonia on top of the flu.

Nosocomial: defintion

a hospital acquired infection

Nosocomial: How many patients get these infections each year in our country?

about 2,000,000

Nosocomial: How many patients die from these infections each year in our country?

about 20,000

Infectious

The person is capable of transmitting pathogens to other people.

Carrier

The person has no symptoms, but they are somewhat infectious.

3 stages of an infection: Stage 1

Incubation. The time between exposure to the pathogens and first symptoms.

Symptoms: No Infectious: Yes Carrier: Yes

3 stages of an infection: Stage 2

Illness: The person now has major symptoms.

Symptoms: Yes Infectious: Yes Carrier: No

3 stages of an infection: Stage 3

Convalescence: The symptoms are over, but the person is still somewhat infectious.

Symptoms: No Infectious: Yes Carrier: Yes

Reservoir: defintion

Something that allows a pathogen to stay infectious and reproduce.

Vector: defintion

An insects that transmits the pathogen from host to host.

Reservoir and Vector: Malaria

Reservoir: humans

Vector: mosquitoes

Reservoir and Vector: Lyme disease

Reservoir: field mice

Vector: ticks

Discussion question: 3 Categories of disease transmission

Contact:

-Direct: warts, genital herpes

-Indirect: common cold, flu HIV, Hep. B, Hep. C

-Droplet: flu, whooping cough

Vehicle:

-Food: botulism

-Air: measles, tuberculosis

-Water: cholera

-Body fluids: HIV, Hep B&C

Vector:

-Mechanical: Bacillary dysentery

-Biological: malaria, lyme disease

Endemic: defintion

A disease is constantly present in a given geographic area

Pandemic: defintion

A world-wide epidemic

Dalton: mass

1.7 × 10 (-24) grams

Proton: mass

1 dalton or 1.7 × 10 (-24) grams

Neutron: mass

1 dalton or 1.7 × 10 (-24) grams

Electron: mass

.0005 daltons

Atomic number: definition

The number of protons in the atom

Mass number: definition

The number of protons plus neutrons in the atom

Isotopes: definition

Atoms that vary in their number of neutrons

Atomic weight: definition

The average of the mass numbers for a sample of isotopes for some element.

The most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. For carbon, what is 6?

The atomic number

The most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. For carbon, what is 12?

The most common mass number

The most common isotope of carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. For carbon, what is 12.01115?

The atomic weight

Ion: definition

An atom that has lost or gained electrons and become electrically charged

Ionic bond: characterized by

The transfer of electrons

Ionic bond: example

NaCL (table salt)

Ionic bond: held together

Ionic bonds are held together by the attraction of true, opposite charges.

Covalent bond: characterized by

The sharing of electrons.

Covalent bond: example

The bonds within a single molecule of water.

Hydrogen bond: example

The bond between two different water molecules.

Hydrogen bond: held together

Hydrogen bonds are held together by the attraction of slight, opposite charges.

Three properties of water: 1st property

Water is slow to change temperature because of the hydrogen bonds.

Three properties of water: 2nd property

Water has very good cohesion because of the hydrogen bonds.

Three properties of water: 3rd property

Water is a very good solvent because it is a polar molecule.

Acid

A substance that gives off hydrogen ions in water.

Example: HCL (hydrochloric acid)

Base

A substance that either accepts hydrogen ions or gives off hydroxide ions. A base that directly accepts hydrogen ions: ammonia. A base that gives off hydroxide ions: calcium hydroxide.

pH scale: measures

The pH scale measures the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance.

pH: Calculate

If a substance has a hydrogen ion concentration of .0001. We can rewrite that number as 10(-4) and the pH is 4.

pH scale: examples

pH 1: strong acid

pH 6: weak acid

pH 7: neutral

pH 8: weak base

pH 13: strong base

Kingdom Monera: description

Single-celled prokaryotes

Kingdom Protista: description

Mostly single-celled Eukaryotes

Kingdom Fungi: description

Simple, mostly multicellular Eukaryotes

Kingdom Plantae: description

Multicellular, photosynthetic Eukaryotes

Kingdom Animalia: description

Complex, multicellular Eukaryotes

Capsules: prevent, made of

Capsules prevent desiccation and phagocytosis and they are made of a substance called glycocalyx.

Capsules: 2 EX

Streptococcus mutans has a capsule and is the primary cause of dental plaque.

Klebsiella pneumoniae has a capsule and can cause “walking pneumonia”.

Flagella: function, which bacteria

Flagella function in motility and they are found on 50% of Bacillus species and the sub-group Spirillum.

Axial filaments: function, which bacteria

Axial filaments function in motility and they are found on the sub-group spirochetes.

Fimbriae: function, 2 EX

Fimbriae function in adhesion and the examples are:

-E. coli can use fimbriae to stick to the cells that line the bladder

-Neisseria gonorrhoeae can use fimbriae to stick to the cells that line the urethra.

G+ cell wall structure

Peptidoglycan (60-80%)

Teichoic acid (20-40%)

G- cell wall structure

Outer membrane (80-90%)

Peptidoglycan (10-20%)

Discussion question: Bacterial Replication vs. Viral Replication

Bacterial:

Binary fission

-Copy their DNA

-Build more plasma membrane and cell wall down the midline

-Divide in half

Viral:

-Bind to a receptor on our cell

-Enter our cell

-Trick our cell in to making virus copies