history of energy and engines

energy

• the force that causes things to move

• splits into 4 categories

kinetic

energy of movement

thermal

energy of moving particles

mechanical

energy of objects in motion

electrical 

energy of particles moving through a wire

magnetic

energy causing a push or pull

potential

stored energy

chemical

stored in food and fuel

elastic

energy stored in objects that are stretched

nuclear

energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

gravitational

energy stored in an object above the earth’s surface

sound 

energy that can be heard

light

energy that can be seen

energy conversions

• chemical → thermal

• light energy → chemical

• electrical energy → thermal

• elastic potential → kinetic

• gravitational potential → kinetic

windmill

• air strikes blade

• kinetic to mechanical energy

wind turbine

• air strikes blade and rotates

• mechanical energy → electrical energy

water wheel

• water flowing (gravitational energy)

• turns wheel (kinetic/mechanical)

• energy lost from transformation

• lifts crusher (gravitational potential/mechanical)

• energy loss from transformation

hydroelectric power plant

• water flows into tunnel (kinetic)

• water spins gear to make electricity

origins

• ancient civilizations used compressed air or steam to generate motion

• 1st century AD made aeolipile - steam powered deivce rotating due to force of escaping steam

early years

• in 1807, Nicephore Niepce made the Pyrolophore

• used a mixture of Lycopodium powder and gasous resin as fuel ignited by an electric spark

two stroke principle

• in 1860s, Etienne Lenoir made the first internal combustion engine

• used coal gas as fuel

four stroke principle

• Nikolaus Otto made the Otto engine

• mixture of fuel and air ignited by a spark plug

• intake, compression, power, exhaust

Karl Benz

• applied internal combustion engine to transportation

• made a gasoline powered automobile

engine developent in early 20th century 

• in 1892, Rudolf Diesel made the disesel engine

• compression ignition 

1902

• correct proportions for combustion

• Prosper-Rene Audibert and Carl Eduard Buetschi made efficient carburetor

engine developent in mid 20th century 

• in 1952, Bendix Corporation introduced the Electrojector, an electronic fuel injection

• precise control of fuel delivery

turbocharging technology

use exhaust gases to drive a turbine and force more air into the combustion chamber

impact on society

• mass production of automobiles

• reshaped industries

• more ways of transportation

environment and alternatives

• produce greenhouse gas that impact climate change and air, harming health

• electric cars powered by a battery and hybrid cars 

first usage of heat

fires have been used for longer than homosapiens have existed

early theories

• Empedocles believed that there was a combustion of four elements

• earth, fire, water, air

• many of these contained fire, hence when an object burned, fire was released

phlogiston theory

• early 1700s

• substances that could burn had an invisible fluid that flowed out called phlogiston

• however, when burned, some substances had a larger mass

caloric theory

• late 1700s

• caloric/heat was a massless fluid found in all substances

• cannot be created nor destroyed

• flows from objects from warm to cold

• Joseph Black stated that 1 cal was the quantity of caloric that would increase the temperature by 1g of water by 1°C

modern theories of heat

• Benjamin Thompson

• he realized that the cannon became hot even though none of the objects were hot before

• disproved caloric theory

Count Rumford hypothesis

• mechanical energy is converted into heat

• heat is equivilant to energy

• ignored for long time

Julius Robert Mayer

• blood is bright red in an artery because if has maximum amount of oxygen

• blood is darker as the body uses oxygen

• body uses oxygen to break down food

• oxygen provides energy for the body must also be providing heat

• heat is related to energy

James Prescott Joule

• took the credit for discovering the mechanical equivalent to heat

• paddle-wheel expriment

paddle wheel experiment 

as mass fell, the water stirred strong, causing temperature to increase

Sadi Carnot

• some heat is always lost

• laws of heat effieciency to heat engines