APUSH Term One I.D.S.

Manitou

Spiritual force in Native American belief systems.

Shaman

Spiritual leader and healer in indigenous cultures.

Potlatch ceremony

Gift-giving feast among Indigenous Pacific Northwest tribes.

Nuclear families

Family unit consisting of parents and children.

Extended families

Family unit including relatives beyond parents and children.

Mound-building cultures

Ancient societies known for constructing earthen mounds.

Hopewell culture

Native American culture known for earthworks and trade.

Mississippian cultures

Advanced Native American societies in the Southeast.

Cahokia

Major urban center of Mississippian culture.

Hohokam culture

Desert culture known for irrigation in the Southwest.

Anasazi culture

Ancient Puebloans known for cliff dwellings.

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange of goods and services.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs.

Martin Luther

Initiated Protestant Reformation with 95 Theses.

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown colony and explorer.

John Calvin

Theologian who influenced Protestant Reformation.

Joint-stock company

Business entity where investors share profits and risks.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America.

Mayflower Compact

Agreement for self-government by Pilgrims in 1620.

Virginia Company of London

Joint-stock company that established Jamestown.

Separatist Puritans

Group seeking to separate from Church of England.

Non-Separatist Puritans

Puritans wanting to reform the Church of England.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that became New York City.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas.

Encomiendas

Land grants to Spanish colonists for labor.

Market economy capitalism

Economic system based on supply and demand.

Elizabethan 'Sea Dogs'

English privateers who raided Spanish ships.

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritan leader.

Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter who challenged Puritan orthodoxy.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 uprising against Virginia's government by settlers.

John Cotton

Puritan minister influential in New England.

King Phillip's War

Conflict between Native Americans and English settlers.

Old Deluder Act

Massachusetts law requiring towns to establish schools.

The New England Way

Puritan approach to governance and community life.

Roger Williams

Advocate for religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Antinomianism

Belief that faith alone is necessary for salvation.

The Half-Way Covenant

Allowed partial church membership for children of church members.

The Pequot War

Conflict between Pequot tribe and English settlers.

Barbados code

Legal framework for slavery in the Caribbean.

House of Burgesses

First legislative assembly in colonial America.

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland and advocate for religious tolerance.

Praying Towns

Settlements for Native Americans to adopt Christianity.

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739.

Dominion of New England

Administrative union of English colonies in New England.

Benjamin Franklin

Founding Father, inventor, and diplomat.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher known for fire-and-brimstone sermons.

Glorious Revolution

1688 overthrow of King James II in England.

Navigation Acts

Laws regulating colonial trade to benefit England.

Proprietors

Individuals granted land by the English crown.

Mercantilism

Economic theory prioritizing exports over imports.

Deists

Philosophers believing in a rational God and natural law.

Iroquois Confederacy

Alliance of six Native American nations.

Leisler's Rebellion

Colonial revolt against the ruling elite in New York.

New Lights, Old Lights

Terms distinguishing revivalist and traditionalist clergy.

Society of Friends

Religious group known as Quakers, emphasizing peace.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia as a debtor's colony.

George Whitefield

Evangelist known for his powerful preaching.

John Dickinson

Founding Father known for Letters from a Farmer.

Samuel Adams

Leader of the American Revolution and patriot.

Thomas Paine

Author of 'Common Sense' advocating independence.

Proclamation of 1763

British decree limiting colonial expansion westward.

Sugar Act

Tax on sugar and molasses imported to colonies.

Declaratory Act

Parliament's assertion of authority over colonies.

Townshend Duties

Taxes on imported goods to the American colonies.

Coercive Acts

Laws punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

Stamp Act

Tax requiring stamped paper for legal documents.

Boston Massacre

1770 confrontation leading to deaths of five colonists.

Thomas Hutchinson

Royal governor of Massachusetts during the Revolution.

Pontiac's Rebellion

Native American uprising against British post-war policies.

Albany Plan of Union

Proposal for colonial unity during French and Indian War.

Committees of correspondence

Networks for communication among colonies.

Olive Branch Petition

Last attempt to avoid war with Britain.

James Madison

Fourth President and key architect of the Constitution.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury and Federalist leader.

Shay's Rebellion

Armed uprising against economic injustices in 1786.

Northwest Ordinance

Legislation for governing western territories.

Virginia Plan

Proposal for a bicameral legislature based on population.

New Jersey Plan

Proposal for a unicameral legislature with equal representation.

Connecticut Compromise

Combined Virginia and New Jersey Plans for Congress.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution and strong central government.

Antifederalists

Opponents of the Constitution advocating for states' rights.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of the United States.

Separation of powers

Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches.

Federalism

System of government dividing power between national and state levels.

Checks and balances

Mechanism to prevent any one branch from dominating.

Entails

Legal restrictions on property inheritance.

Primogeniture

Inheritance system favoring the firstborn child.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader allied with British during the Revolution.

Marquis de Lafayette

French general who aided the American Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point battle in the American Revolution.

The Federalist

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution.

Report on Public Credit

Hamilton's plan to stabilize national finances.

Report on Manufactures

Hamilton's proposal to promote American industry.

Bank of the United States

First national bank established in 1791.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 uprising against federal tax on whiskey.

Jay's Treaty

Agreement resolving issues between the U.S. and Britain.

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty with Spain granting U.S. navigation rights.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic incident leading to undeclared naval war with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws restricting immigration and limiting free speech.

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

Political statements opposing Alien and Sedition Acts.