basu bio 112 final review

scientific theory

A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.

monocot vs eudicot seed

monocot = one cotyledon

eudicot = two

monocot vs eudicot roots

monocot = fibrous root

eudicot = tap root

monocot vs eudicot vascular layout

monocot = scattered

eudicot = in a ring

monocot vs eudicot leaf

monocot = parallel veins

eudicot = net like vein

monocot vs eudicot flower

monocot = multiples of 3

eudicot = 4 or 5

prokaryotes that led to oxygenation of the atmosphere

cyanobacteria

how does cyanobacteria store food

as glycogen

who developed prokaryote staining

robert koch

why does gram + bacteria stay purple while gram - turns pink?

gram + bacteria maintains the purple color of the stain bc/ it has a thicker peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall compared to gram -

method used in evolution to identify synapomorphies and arranging them into a clade

clade analysis

microevolution results in

change in allelic frequencies

4 mechanisms of microevoltuion

- mutation

- natural selection

- gene flow

- genetic drift

genetic drift

change in allelic frequency due to RANDOM events

(T/F) genetic drift has more effect in small populations

true

genetic drift can result in

loss or fixation of alleles

types of genetic drift

bottleneck effect and founder effect

gene flow

movement of alleles from one population to another

ex. migration

(T/F) gene flow tends to ADD diversity to populations

true

directional natural selection

chooses the extreme end of spectrum. shifts to newest fit phenotype

distruptive selection

middle of the spectrum is least fit. MAINTAINS DIVERSITY

Stabilizing selection

middle of the spectrum is considered more fit

frequency-dependent selection

most common trait is considered least fit

proteosome vs deuterostome cleavage

p = eight cell stage is spiral and determinate

d = radial and indeterminate

proteosome vs deuterostome blastophore fate

p = mouth

d = anus

proteosome vs deuterostome coelom formation

p = mesoderm splits

d = mesoderm pinches off

biological species concept

Definition of a species is a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but are not able to produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other populations.

prezygotic barriers vs postzygotic barriers

pre = zygote does not form

post = zygote has already formed

two hybrids mate. their offspring cannot produce offspring of its own.

hybrid sterility

ex. mule (horse mates w donkey)

2nd gen hybrids are weak

hybrid breakdown

Stramenopiles: (DOB)

- diatoms

- brown algae

- oomycetes

which stramenopile has silica cell walls

diatoms

(T/F) diatoms: only the gamete is flagellated

true

stramenopile that has algin and cellulose in the cell wall

brown algea

example of brown algea

kelp

which stramenopile is a photoautotroph

diatom

which stramenopile is an absorptive heterotroph

oomycetes

oomycetes has (blank) in its cell wall

cellulose

mycelia

networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

which stramenopile has mycelia and flagellated spores

oomycetes

amoebozoan : (SEG)

- slime mold

- entamoebas

- gymnameobas

what do all amoebozoan have in common

- all lack cell walls

- all use pseudopodia for movement

type of amoebozoan that aggregates into single body

slime mold

amoebozoan that has lobe-like pseudopodia

gymnamoebas

ameobozoan that is a parasite of animals

entameoabas

homologous structure

structures that are similar in different species of common ancestry

vestigial structures

a structure in a present day organism that no longer serves its natural purpose

homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry

convergence

similar traits having nothing to with similar conditions

Analogous Structures

similar adaptations due to similar conditions

charles darwin ideas

- descent w modification

- natural selection

- made first phylogenic tree

alfred wallace

published his own theory of evolution by natural selection about the same time as Charles Darwin

basal taxon

diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group

- autotroph =

carbon source is carbon dioxide

- heterotroph =

carbon source is organic compounds

Photo =

energy source is light

Chemo =

energy source is chemical compounds

Hardy-Weinberg conditions

-no mutations

-random mating

-no natural selection

-very large population size

-no gene flow

p+q = 1

allele frequency equation

p is dominant =A

q is recessive =a

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

genotype frequency equation

2pq = Aa

p = AA

q= aa

practice:

aa = 36%

find:

a. frequency of aa

b. frequency of a

c. frequency of A

d. frequency of AA and Aa

a. 36%

b. 60%

c. 40%

d. AA = 16% Aa = 48%

virus characteristics

- capsid

- DNA or RNA

- need host cell

- no cytoplasm

- some have envelope

(T/F) viruses can easily mutate

true

first step of viral infection

attachment

what happens in viral attachment

receptors in the surface of the host cell bind to virus capsid proteins or the envelope

[blank] is the basal clade with tissues and [blank] is the basal clade with no true tissue

Eumetazoa , animals

what do deuterostomes, lophotrochozoans, and ecdysozoa all have in common

bilateral symmetry

which protostome has acoelomate

platyhelminths

this phylum

- are sessile as adults and motile in youth

- no true tissue

- no cephalization

- no complex organ system

- aquatic

porifera

pores in sponges

ostia

large center cavity of sponge

spongocoel

where does water exit after the spongocoel in sponge

osculum

the jelly like substance that acts as sponge's endoskeleton

mesohyl

this sponge cell acts as valves and regulate flow of water through the ostia

porocyte

this sponge cell forms the outer covering of the sponge and assists in phagocytosis

pinacocyte

this sponge cell is the stem cell, meaning it can differentiate into other cell types. it can also deliver nutrients and gives rise to eggs for reproduction.

amoebocytes

*defining cell of the sponge. can different into sperm. generate water current and filters food particles.

choanocyte

examples of cnidaria

jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, coral

two body forms of cnidaria

- sessile polyp

- free swimming medusa

gastrovascular cavity

one opening for mouth and anus

alimentary canal

two openings for mouth and anus

non cellular layers functions as hydrostatic skeleton of cnidaria

mesoglea

defining cell of cnidaria

cnidocyte

nematocyte and where its located

has cndiocele that are sensitive to touch - the nematocyte fires out barb and thread to sting the prey and cause cell lysis

what forms from ectoderm

skin and nerve

what forms from endoderm

gastrointestinal tissue, liver, pancreas, thyroid

what forms from mesoderm

muscle, bone, cardiovascular tissues

first example of cephalization

Platyhelminths

how to brachiopods feed

with a lophophore

how do Mollusca feed

they use their radula

three main parts of Mollusca and their function (MVM)

1. muscular foot = movement

2. visceral mass = contains most organs

3. mantle = covers visceral mass. mantle is where pearl comes from

hemolymph

fluid that is pumped in vessel and bathes tissues (like blood, but for open systems)

(T/F) Mollusca have an open system

true

main body cavity of Mollusca

hemocoel

Mollusca have a reduced coelom that only covers

the heart and gonads

which is the only Mollusca to have a closed system

Cephalopoda

nacre and what its made of

mother of pearl is made of aragonite and conchiolin

pearl function

defense mechanism for when irritants (ex. sand) enter their shell

*what kind of segmentation do Annelida have and what it does

metamerism is the repetition of structures in different segments. this allows the animal to have more efficient movement.

(T/F) Annelida have a closed system

true