Period 4 APUSH American Pageant (16th ed.) (Chapter 11-16)

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Judiciary Act of 1801

a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Corps of Discovery

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West.

Order in Council

British declaration that prohibited neutral vessels from trading with the French

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Robert R. Livingston

along with James Monroe, negotiated in Paris for the Louisiana land area; signed a treaty on April 30, 1803 ceding Louisiana to the United States for $15 million

Touissant L'Ouverture

leader of the slave revolt against the French in the Haitian Revolution

Meriwether Lewis

Army captain appointed by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory and lands west to the Pacific Ocean

William Clark

A skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory

Sacajawea

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

James Wilkinson

Wilkinson had been an officer in the Continental Army, and later held several positions relating to the Army, such as secretary of the board of war and clothier general to the army. He was one of the Commissioners appointed to receive the Purchase Louisiana from the French, and served as Governor of Louisiana from 1805-1806. He informed Pres. Jefferson of Burr's conspiracy to take over Louisiana, and was the primary witness against Burr at his treason trial, even though Wilkinson was himself implicated in the plot.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," and fourth (weak) President of the United States.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

War of 1812

(1812-1815) Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issue of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

Battle of New Orleans

(January 1815) Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815) Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Treaty of Ghent

(1814) Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Hartford Convention

(1814-1815) Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of southern and western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

American System

(1820s) Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

Era of Good Feelings

(1816-1824) Popular name for the period of one party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian democracy.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri Territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the panic of 1819.

Tallmadge Amendment

(1819) Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri Territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the nineteenth century reflected as a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

Missouri Compromise

(1820) Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30′.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank.

Loose Construction

Legal doctrine that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibillities.

Cohens v. Virginia

(1821) Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce.

Fletcher v. Peck

(1810) Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

(1819) Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Anglo-American Convention

(1818) Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fisherman access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana Territory, and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty)

(1819) Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, and the two nations agreed on the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, Spain retained the territory from Texas to California while abandoning its claims to the Oregon country.

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Russo-American Treaty

(1824) Fixed the line of 54°40′ as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America.

corrupt bargain

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adam's favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

spoils system

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in emerging two-party system.

Tariff of Abomination (1828)

Noteworthy for its unprecedented high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the Nullication Crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of 10 years, to 1816 levels.

Force Bill (1833)

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were foreibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Forced march of 15 thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indain Territory. Some 4 thousand Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Black Hawk War (1832)

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indain Removal Act.

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional support of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored monetized interests at the expense of western farmers.

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and draw much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Pet Banks

Popular term for Pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1883

Specie Circular (1836)

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard" or metallic, currency. Issued after a small state banks flooding the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transporotation improvements. In response, President Martin Von Buren proposed the Divorce Bill, which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

Alamo

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

"Self-Reliance"

(1841) Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

Rendezvous

The principle marketplace of the Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.

Ecological Imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

(mid-19th Century) Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in United States.

Molly Maguires

(1860s-1870s) Secret organization of Irish miners who campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in Pennsylvania mines.

Tammany Hall

(Est. 1789) Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.

Know-Nothing Party

(1850s) Nativist political party, also known as the American party, that emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Awful Disclosures

(1836) Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in the Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

Industrial Revolution

Shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system.

Cotton Gin

(1793) Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Patent Office

Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years.

Limited Liability

Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be held responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early 19th-century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive 19th-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life, but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

McCormick Reaper

(1831) Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

Turnpike

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early 19th-century to facilitate commerce.

Erie Canal

(Completed 1825) New York State canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Clipper Ships

(1840s-1850s) Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Pony Express

(1860s-1861) Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Transportation Revolution

Term referring to a series of 19th-century transportation innovations-turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads- that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

Market Revolution

18th and 19th-century transformation from a dis-aggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial net worth.

Age of Reason

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT