Studied by 2 people
Population density
the number of people living in a square kilometre
Population distribution
how people are spread out across an area
Relief
describes the shape and height of the land
Infrastructure
provision of services (water supply, electricity, roads etc) within an area
Positive factors affecting population density
access to services, fertile soil, high employment, accessible, varied climate, few natural natural disasters
Negative factors affecting population density
conflict, lack of services, poor soil, unemployment, pollution, few natural resources, extreme climate, land relief
Birth rate
no. of babies born per 1000 people in a year
Death rate
no. of people who die per 1000 people in a year
infant mortality rate
no. of babies who die before their first birthday
Reasons for a low birth rate
childcare is expensive
birth control/contraception available
improved status of women
education of girls
Reasons for high birth rates
early marriage
lack of family planning and contraception
children needed to work
cultural tradition for large families
Reasons for low death rates
old age pensions
clean water supply
improved healthare
reliable food supply
sanitation
mechanisation in working
Reasons for high death rates
disease or illness
war
food shortage
high infant mortality rate
lack of clean water and sanitation
Population structure
number and distribution of different age groups in a population
Population pyramids
a graph made up of two bar graphs showing the number of males and females in each 5 year age group
Young dependants
someone under the age of 15 - no income as they do not work so relies on the state and their parents to provide for them
Economically active
aged 16-64 who are working - help to provide for others by paying taxes
Elderly dependants
people aged 65+ who no longer works and do not pay income tax so depend on the state
Consequences of youthful population
land must be farmed intensively to supply food
many people in urban areas shanty towns
unemployment rates if not enough jobs
demand for education and services goes up
Solution to youthful population
promotion of family planning
keeping girls in education
increasing legal age of marriage
Benefits of an ageing population
some businesses make more profit
more childcare and support form grandparents
Problems of an ageing population
fewer people of working age so fewer tax payers
rise in retirement age
lack of young workforce
increase in cost of health care
Development
any improvement made in the standard of living
What are social development indicators about?
to do with the quality of life of individuals in the country
What are economic development indicators about?
those to do with the wealth of individuals in the country
Social indicator examples
life expectancy
birth and death rate
literacy rate
infant mortality
food intake
Economic indicator examples
GDP (totals money by all workers)
GDP per capita (wealth shared out equally)
energy per person
people per doctor
primary employment
Human Development Index (HDI)
composite indicator used by UN of life expectancy, literacy rate and GDP per capita to cover health, education and economy in a country.
Mouth
where the river flows into sea/lake
Tributary
a river that joins a larger river
Catchment
area from which water drains into a particular drainage basin
Source
upland area where river begins
Watershed
boundary diving two drainage basins
Confluence
point at which two rivers join
Wetted perimeter
where the river water touches the beds and banks
Erosion
wearing away of the land
Hydraulic action
the strong of river dislodges particles from bed and banks
Abrasion
when bed and banks are worn down by the rivers load
Altrition
material in river bumps into each other - smoothed and broken into smaller particles
Corrosion
chemicals in river slowly dissolve beds and banks
Traction (1)
boulders and pebbles rolled along river bed at highest discharge
Saltation (2)
Sand sized particles bounce along bed in a leap frog movement
Suspension (3)
fine clay/sand particles carried at low discharge
Solution (4)
minerals dissolved into water - very little energy
Deposition
rivers deposit load when energy is lost
V-shaped valley
Upper course feature - vertical erosion of the river causes a V-shaped valley
Interlocking spurs
Upper course feature - when river meets areas of harder rock that is difficult to erode it winds round it and hills form on either side
Formation of a waterfall
river meets a bander a softer rock and erodes it more quickly, undercutting the hard rock - this overhang collapses and the waterfall retreats upstream
Gorge
a steep sided river valley created from the waterfall retreating
Meander
middle course feature - a river flows around bends causing areas of faster and slower water - lateral erosion
Ox-bow lake
middle cruse feature - a flood cuts across a meander and take a new course so an horse shoe shaped lake is remaining
Levees
lower course feature - when a river floods, the heaviest particles of its load are deposited first - creating a natural embankment
Physical features of river you could describe
width, length, straightness, direction of flow, features, tributaries
Physical features of valleys could describe
shape, gradient, height, interlocking spurs, features
Land uses around the River Tay
farming, forestry, renewable energy, recreation and tourism, industry and settlement
Upper course land uses
sheep farming
HEP
tourism eg. rafting
foresty
windfarms
Middle course land uses
dairy/arable farming
tourism eg. camp sites
fishing
Lower course land uses
arable farming
dairy farming
industry eg. ships
tourism eg. boat trips
Conflicts on the River Tay
wind-farms vs. tourists
white water rafting vs. fishermen
Examples of high order services
leisure centres, chain stores, hospitals
Examples of low order services
post offices, doctors, newsagents
Central Business District
city centre where most of the shops, offices are and where transport routes meets
Inner City
old industrial part of the city directly next to CBD. where old 19th century housing and factories are found
Suburbs
Residential and shopping areas on the edge of the city with plenty of space
Most expensive land values
in the CBD as space is limited
Buildings in the CBD
old historic buildings such as cathedrals, museums, galleries
Retail in the CBD
shopping malls, high order shops, dapeament stores
Transport in the CBD
Route centre where all the arterial roads meet, has the main bus and train station
Tourist services in the CBD
tourist info centre, chain restaurants and bars, theatres, hotels
Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - shopping
The new St James Centre shopping mall was built to improve the visual appearance of the city centre and attract shoppers back into the city by protecting them from the Scottish weather.
Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - cycle lanes
Cycle lanes have been introduced to reduce traffic in the CBD and encourage cycling to reduce air pollution.
Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - New concert hall
To boost Edinburgh's image as a centre for arts and provide another venue for the International Festival.
Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - High ends shops such as Multrees Walk
To attract shoppers to the CBD to improve and economy and provide retails experience to compete with online shopping.
Housing in the Inner City
19th century tenement housing in high density, built orginally for factory workers
Brownfield sites
empty derelict land in the inner city form old industrial buildings
Grid iron street pattern
long straights rows of houses in the inner city
Housing in the rural/urban fringe
detached housing with gardens and driveways in cul-de-sacs
Industry and shopping in the rural/urban fringe
Modern industry such as shopping centres, financial services and quaternary industry
Greenbelt
protected countryside which has strict strict planning controls at edge of the city to stop urban sprawl
Greenfield sites
farmland which is ideal for building on
Advantages of urban sprawl
space for businesses to expand
cheap land values
flat land easy to build on
affordable housing for growing population
Disadvantages of urban sprawl
wildlife habitats destroyed
increased traffic congestion in edge of city
spoils countryside's natural beauty
inner city areas become run down as people move away
Urbanisation
movement of people form the countryside to the city
Solutions to shanty towns - Dharavi redevelopment project
Project plans to demolish parts of Dharavi and build high rise flats to regime people. Many don't like this as they won't have their businesses
Solutions to shanty towns - Slum Rehabilitation
Government would provide toilets, piping, reinforced housing, schools, healthcare facilities to improve the shanty town
Solutions to shanty towns - Self Help schemes
Encourage residents to improve the area themselves - they can ask gov for loans to build toilets, water supply and negotiate with authorities about electricity etc
Solutions to issues in shanty towns - Navi Mumbai
reducing over population by taking the overspill out of Mumbai to new part of the city
Bottom Up management advantages
residents get a say
doesn't cost gov as heavily
areas improved
Bottom Up management disadvantages
cannot do sewage/toilets themselves
only works on a small scale
Top-down management advantages
better safer housing created with toilets, running water etc- safer for children
improved life
Top-down management disadvantages
low tax - gov don't have enough money-
may be rehoused far way and have to change job
construction often stalled to lack of finance
Bedding planes
horizontal cracks in the limestones created when the sediment was building up in layers
Joints
vertical cracks formed when tectonic activity lifted limestone
Permeable
Water can pass through limestone's bedding planes and joints
What is limestone made of?
calcium carbonate
chemical weathering
when rainfall combines with carbon dioxide and creates a weak carbonic acid which dissolves limestone
Formation of limestone pavements
bedding planes due to layers of sediment and joints due to tectonic activity
during glaciation, ice scraped away topsoil
bare rock is permeable
carbonation dissolve rock, carried in solution
continued chemical weathering widens and deeps bedding planes and joints
Blocks called clints and gaps called grikes
Formation of swallow holes
bedding planes and joints
surface water passes over impermeable rock until reaches permeable limestone
water flows down a joint and dissolves rock to form a swallow hole
process of carbonation causes hole to become larger over time
Formation of intermittent drainage
streams flowing onto limestone disappear down swallow holes
they flow along bedding planes and down joints
when stream hits impermeable rock, they have to flow overtop until they reach the surface
when underground water comes to surface it is called a resurgence stream
Formation of caves and caverns
joints and bedding planes = permeable
water flows underground through a swallow hole until it reaches impermeable rock
carbonation takes place and dissolves limestone
areas with lots of BPs and joints close together means large areas of rock are dissolved quickly
the space left is a cave or caverns
walls may be eroded further by abrasion due to water carries stones
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