Geography Exam Set

Nat 5 2023

Population density

the number of people living in a square kilometre

Population distribution

how people are spread out across an area

Relief

describes the shape and height of the land

Infrastructure

provision of services (water supply, electricity, roads etc) within an area

Positive factors affecting population density

access to services, fertile soil, high employment, accessible, varied climate, few natural natural disasters

Negative factors affecting population density

conflict, lack of services, poor soil, unemployment, pollution, few natural resources, extreme climate, land relief

Birth rate

no. of babies born per 1000 people in a year

Death rate

no. of people who die per 1000 people in a year

infant mortality rate

no. of babies who die before their first birthday

Reasons for a low birth rate

* childcare is expensive
* birth control/contraception available
* improved status of women
* education of girls

Reasons for high birth rates

* early marriage
* lack of family planning and contraception
* children needed to work
* cultural tradition for large families

Reasons for low death rates

* old age pensions
* clean water supply
* improved healthare
* reliable food supply
* sanitation
* mechanisation in working

Reasons for high death rates

* disease or illness
* war
* food shortage
* high infant mortality rate
* lack of clean water and sanitation

Population structure

number and distribution of different age groups in a population

Population pyramids

a graph made up of two bar graphs showing the number of males and females in each 5 year age group

Young dependants

someone under the age of 15 - no income as they do not work so relies on the state and their parents to provide for them

Economically active

aged 16-64 who are working - help to provide for others by paying taxes

Elderly dependants

people aged 65+ who no longer works and do not pay income tax so depend on the state

Consequences of youthful population

* land must be ==farmed intensively== to supply food
* many people in urban areas ==shanty towns==
* ==unemployment== rates if not enough jobs
* demand for ==education== and services goes up

Solution to youthful population

* promotion of family planning
* keeping girls in education
* increasing legal age of marriage

Benefits of an ageing population

* some businesses make more profit
* more childcare and support form grandparents

Problems of an ageing population

* fewer people of working age so ==fewer tax payers==
* ==rise in retirement age==
* lack of young workforce
* increase in ==cost of health care==

Development

any improvement made in the standard of living

What are social development indicators about?

to do with the quality of life of individuals in the country

What are economic development indicators about?

those to do with the wealth of individuals in the country

Social indicator examples

* life expectancy
* birth and death rate
* literacy rate
* infant mortality
* food intake

Economic indicator examples

* GDP (totals money by all workers)
* GDP per capita (wealth shared out equally)
* energy per person
* people per doctor
* primary employment

Human Development Index (HDI)

composite indicator used by UN of life expectancy, literacy rate and GDP per capita to cover health, education and economy in a country.

Mouth

where the river flows into sea/lake

Tributary

a river that joins a larger river

Catchment

area from which water drains into a particular drainage basin

Source

upland area where river begins

Watershed

boundary diving two drainage basins

Confluence

point at which two rivers join

Wetted perimeter

where the river water touches the beds and banks

Erosion

wearing away of the land

Hydraulic action

the strong of river dislodges particles from bed and banks

Abrasion

when bed and banks are worn down by the rivers load

Altrition

material in river bumps into each other - smoothed and broken into smaller particles

Corrosion

chemicals in river slowly dissolve beds and banks

Traction (1)

boulders and pebbles rolled along river bed at highest discharge

Saltation (2)

Sand sized particles bounce along bed in a leap frog movement

Suspension (3)

fine clay/sand particles carried at low discharge

Solution (4)

minerals dissolved into water - very little energy

Deposition

rivers deposit load when energy is lost

V-shaped valley

Upper course feature - vertical erosion of the river causes a V-shaped valley

Interlocking spurs

Upper course feature - when river meets areas of harder rock that is difficult to erode it winds round it and hills form on either side

Formation of a waterfall

river meets a bander a softer rock and erodes it more quickly, undercutting the hard rock - this overhang collapses and the waterfall retreats upstream

Gorge

a steep sided river valley created from the waterfall retreating

Meander

middle course feature - a river flows around bends causing areas of faster and slower water - lateral erosion

Ox-bow lake

middle cruse feature - a flood cuts across a meander and take a new course so an horse shoe shaped lake is remaining

Levees

lower course feature - when a river floods, the heaviest particles of its load are deposited first - creating a natural embankment

Physical features of river you could describe

width, length, straightness, direction of flow, features, tributaries

Physical features of valleys could describe

shape, gradient, height, interlocking spurs, features

Land uses around the River Tay

farming, forestry, renewable energy, recreation and tourism, industry and settlement

Upper course land uses

* sheep farming
* HEP
* tourism eg. rafting
* foresty
* windfarms

Middle course land uses

* dairy/arable farming
* tourism eg. camp sites
* fishing

Lower course land uses

* arable farming
* dairy farming
* industry eg. ships
* tourism eg. boat trips

Conflicts on the River Tay

* wind-farms vs. tourists


* white water rafting vs. fishermen

Examples of high order services

leisure centres, chain stores, hospitals

Examples of low order services

post offices, doctors, newsagents

Central Business District

city centre where most of the shops, offices are and where transport routes meets

Inner City

old industrial part of the city directly next to CBD. where old 19th century housing and factories are found

Suburbs

Residential and shopping areas on the edge of the city with plenty of space

Most expensive land values

in the CBD as space is limited

Buildings in the CBD

old historic buildings such as cathedrals, museums, galleries

Retail in the CBD

shopping malls, high order shops, dapeament stores

Transport in the CBD

Route centre where all the arterial roads meet, has the main bus and train station

Tourist services in the CBD

tourist info centre, chain restaurants and bars, theatres, hotels

Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - shopping

The new St James Centre shopping mall was built to improve the visual appearance of the city centre and attract shoppers back into the city by protecting them from the Scottish weather.

Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - cycle lanes

Cycle lanes have been introduced to reduce traffic in the CBD and encourage cycling to reduce air pollution.

Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - New concert hall

To boost Edinburgh's image as a centre for arts and provide another venue for the International Festival.

Changes to Edinburgh's CBD - High ends shops such as Multrees Walk

To attract shoppers to the CBD to improve and economy and provide retails experience to compete with online shopping.

Housing in the Inner City

19th century tenement housing in high density, built orginally for factory workers

Brownfield sites

empty derelict land in the inner city form old industrial buildings

Grid iron street pattern

long straights rows of houses in the inner city

Housing in the rural/urban fringe

detached housing with gardens and driveways in cul-de-sacs

Industry and shopping in the rural/urban fringe

Modern industry such as shopping centres, financial services and quaternary industry

Greenbelt

protected countryside which has strict strict planning controls at edge of the city to stop urban sprawl

Greenfield sites

farmland which is ideal for building on

Advantages of urban sprawl

* space for businesses to expand
* cheap land values
* flat land easy to build on
* affordable housing for growing population

Disadvantages of urban sprawl

* wildlife habitats destroyed
* increased traffic congestion in edge of city
* spoils countryside's natural beauty
* inner city areas become run down as people move away

Urbanisation

movement of people form the countryside to the city

Solutions to shanty towns - **Dharavi redevelopment project**

Project plans to %%demolish%% parts of Dharavi and %%build high rise flats to regime people%%. Many don't like this as they won't have their businesses

Solutions to shanty towns - **Slum Rehabilitation**

Government would provide toilets, piping, reinforced housing, schools, healthcare facilities to improve the shanty town

Solutions to shanty towns - **Self Help schemes**

Encourage residents to improve the area themselves - they can ask gov for loans to build toilets, water supply and negotiate with authorities about electricity etc

Solutions to issues in shanty towns - Navi Mumbai

reducing over population by taking the overspill out of Mumbai to new part of the city

Bottom Up management advantages

* residents get a say
* doesn't cost gov as heavily
* areas improved

Bottom Up management disadvantages

\
* cannot do sewage/toilets themselves
* only works on a small scale

Top-down management advantages

* better safer housing created with toilets, running water etc- safer for children
* improved life

Top-down management disadvantages

* low tax - gov don't have enough money-
* may be rehoused far way and have to change job
* construction often stalled to lack of finance

Bedding planes

horizontal cracks in the limestones created when the sediment was building up in layers

Joints

vertical cracks formed when tectonic activity lifted limestone

Permeable

Water can pass through limestone's bedding planes and joints

What is limestone made of?

calcium carbonate

chemical weathering

when rainfall combines with carbon dioxide and creates a weak carbonic acid which dissolves limestone

Formation of limestone pavements

1. bedding planes due to layers of sediment and joints due to tectonic activity
2. during glaciation, ice scraped away topsoil
3. bare rock is permeable
4. carbonation dissolve rock, carried in solution
5. continued chemical weathering widens and deeps bedding planes and joints
6. Blocks called clints and gaps called grikes

Formation of swallow holes

1. bedding planes and joints
2. surface water passes over impermeable rock until reaches permeable limestone
3. water flows down a joint and dissolves rock to form a swallow hole
4. process of carbonation causes hole to become larger over time

Formation of intermittent drainage

1. streams flowing onto limestone disappear down swallow holes
2. they flow along bedding planes and down joints
3. when stream hits impermeable rock, they have to flow overtop until they reach the surface
4. when underground water comes to surface it is called a resurgence stream

Formation of caves and caverns

1. joints and bedding planes = permeable
2. water flows underground through a swallow hole until it reaches impermeable rock
3. carbonation takes place and dissolves limestone
4. areas with lots of BPs and joints close together means large areas of rock are dissolved quickly
5. the space left is a cave or caverns
6. walls may be eroded further by abrasion due to water carries stones