Midterm 2 Rev

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69 Terms

1
What do search and recovery methods depend on?
Location of skeletal material (whether burried, partially buried, or on surface
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2
What two types of excavation techniques are present in paleontological settings?
Surface surveys and excavation
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3
surface surveys
use knowledge of human osteology while walking around
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excavation
undertaken for artifacts that are in situ
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5
What is included in the minimum recording of burials?
  1. burial position/orientation

  2. flexion of arms, feet, etc

  3. position of every artifact (as relative to cranium)

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6
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What should an excavation kit contain?
soft brushes, PVA, and acetone
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7
Define individuation
process of estimating age, death, sex, ancestry (ESTIMATE)
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8
What skeletal remain is most effective for determining ancestry?
skull
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9
At what three broad groups can individuation be constructed at?
African, European, Asian
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10
T/F: sexual dimorphism is most identifiable in children
false; lack of secondary sex characteristics
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11
What two skeletal parts are most diagnostic of sex?
pelvis (broader iliac flare) and skull
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12
T/F: After maturity, age can be determined to a half year
False
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13
T/F: teeth age faster than bones
false
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14
Most disease processes leave no skeletal trace. For those that do, differential diagnoses is based on:
nature/distribution of lesions
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15
involve loss of bone; vary from large to small cavities
lyctic lesions
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16
excess bone; take a variety of forms from button osteomas to generalized bone diseases
proliferative lesions
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17
misshapen bones; classic example is vertebral collapse and spinal bone wedging from vitamin d deficiency
deformative lesions
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18
Name the two types of bone trauma and provide a brief definition
fracture: complete break

infraction: partial break
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19
Occurs when two surfaces are displaced relative to each other
displacement; can occur with fracture/infraction
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20
Name the two types of complete fractures
simple, communited
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21
Type of complete fracture that involves clean break
simple
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22
Type of complete fracture that involves breaks between breaks
comminuted
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23
Name the two types of infractions
hinge fracture, green stick fracture
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24
Linear infraction splitting skull base in two halves
hinge fracture
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25
Bone bends and cracks instead of splitting into two different pieces
green stick fractures
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26
Healing is evident in _____ trauma. This type of trauma occurs long enough before death to provide evidence for healing
antemortem
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27
The most forensically relevant type of trauma is ____ _____
perimortem
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28

The following is evidence for __________:

  1. remodeling: porosity in bone near bone ends/rounding/blunting of broken ends

  2. modeling: callus formation

  3. healed fracture

antemortem trauma
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29
_______ are irregular in shape, disorganized surface, and raised
Calluses
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30
Perimortem trauma is recognized by ___ _________ and a lack of healing__
green bone response
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31
Why are postmortem injuries difficult to discern? What hallmark is associated with postmortem injuries?
can still behave like green bone; dry bone response
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32
Cavities are caused by oral bacterial consuming ________, which produces__ ______, leading to__ _________, and eventually the__ _______ of dental tissues
sugars, acids, demineralization, loss
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33
Name the stages of tooth decay.
enamel caries, dental caries, pulpits, periodontitis
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34
Inflammation of tissues around bones; in bones --- results from infection in alveolar bone; can result in dental access
periodontitis
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35
_____ __is calcified dental plague that is composed mainly of__ ____ __and__ __*and is deposited within remnant of viable*__ _________
Dental calculus; phosphate; calcium; microorganisms
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36
Why do slow lorises make a better model for adapoids?
Sifaka lack post cranial adaptations of European adapoids, make slow lorises the better model.
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37
What are the four most important components of the ecological record?
location type, dial activity, trophic guild, body mass
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38
Adapoids have larger ____ __and spatulate__ ___ than omamyoids.
canines, incisors
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39
Omamayoids have larger ____ __and shorter__ ___ than adapoids
orbits, snouts
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40
______ __have more elongated tarsal bones, making them more suited to__ ______
Omomyoids, leaping
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41
Unusual primate features such as ____ __to hold branches and__ __ ______ __to calculate distances are associated with arboreality, therefore composing the__ _____ __________
grasping, improved vision, arboreal hypothesis
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42
Unusual primate features are associated with _______ ___________ __and__ ________ __related to landing in branches, indicating a shift__ _________, composing the__ ________ __________
leaping behaviors, grasping, herbivory, grasp leaping hypothesis
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43
_______ __is unusual in euprimates and catching insects with__ _________; includes (good/poor) eyesight, with eyes__ _______ ___________
Visual predation, hands, good, close together
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44
the _______ __hypothesis stipulates a relationship between the evolution of__ ______ __________ __producing plants and the evolution of primates__
Angiosperm, fruit,
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45
These times of primates are active during the daytime; give example
diurnal; atolls
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46
These types of primates are active at various points during the day and the night; give an example
cathermal; eulemur
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47
These types of primates are active at night; give an example
nocturnal; lepilemur
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48
What is the equation for intramemberal index?
(humerus + radius)/(femur + tibia)/w
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49
What is the relationship between orbital size/activity patterns? What is the point of convergence of size between diurnal/nocturnal?
Nocturnal primates have larger eyes; cranial length of 75 mm
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50
What are the four types of diet variations?
gumnivore, insectivore, folivore, frugivore
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51
Give an example of a frugivore
callicebus
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52
Give an example of a insectivore
tarsius
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53
Give an example of a frugivore
callicebus
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54
Give an example of a gummivore
phaner
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55
Give an example of a folivore
alouatta
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56

Describe the dental morphology of the following:

  • insect eaters

  • leaf eaters

  • fruit eaters

  • omnivores

  • sharp cusps of molars

  • well-developed moral shearing crests, small inciscors

  • broad incisors, low rounded molar cusps

  • intermediate

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57
What is Kay’s threshold?
500 g -- point of mass at which animals shift from insects to leaves as major source of protein
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58
What is the most reliable predictor of body mass?
molar area
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59

Reliably human characteristics include:

  • _______ brain

  • anatomical features associated with _____

  • very ____ canines

  • flat or ______ faces

  • A unique part of the face ---→

  • Ability to create ___

  • ability to learn _______

large, bipedalism, small, orthographic,

chin, tools, language
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60

The Upper Paleolithic age was characterized by

  1. more refined ___ tools, especially _____

  2. Increased use of __ materials, other than _____

  3. more ______ diet

  4. larger, more ________, habitats, ________

  5. long ___ _____ of raw materials

  6. items of ______ ___________

  7. increasingly elaborate ___________

  8. creation of _____

  9. ______ _________ range.

stone; blades; raw; stone; varied; permanent; dwelling; distance trade; personal adornment; burials; art; increased geographic
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61
Lower Paleolithic includes (three)
lomekwian, olduwan, acheulian
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62
Middle Paleolithic includes
mousterian
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63
Upper Paleolithic includes
chateuperrneian, aurgnacian, gravettian, soultrean, magdalenean
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64
characterized by retouched flake technique/hafted tools
mousterian tools
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65
mousterian tools plus more blade and bone
chateuperrenian tools
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66
associated w/ even more blades/bones; early humans
auragnacean
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67
smaller blades and denticulate knives
gravettian
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68
exquisite leaf shaped projectile points; very finely bifacially flaked, thin
soultrean
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69
very small micro blades; increased use of non stone raw materials
magdalanean tools
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