Midterm 2 Rev

What do search and recovery methods depend on?

Location of skeletal material (whether burried, partially buried, or on surface

What two types of excavation techniques are present in paleontological settings?

Surface surveys and excavation

surface surveys

use knowledge of human osteology while walking around

excavation

undertaken for artifacts that are in situ

What is included in the minimum recording of burials?

1) burial position/orientation

2) flexion of arms, feet, etc

3) position of every artifact (as relative to cranium)

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What should an excavation kit contain?

soft brushes, PVA, and acetone

Define individuation

process of estimating age, death, sex, ancestry (ESTIMATE)

What skeletal remain is most effective for determining ancestry?

skull

At what three broad groups can individuation be constructed at?

African, European, Asian

T/F: sexual dimorphism is most identifiable in children

false; lack of secondary sex characteristics

What two skeletal parts are most diagnostic of sex?

pelvis (broader iliac flare) and skull

T/F: After maturity, age can be determined to a half year

False

T/F: teeth age faster than bones

false

Most disease processes leave no skeletal trace. For those that do, differential diagnoses is based on:

nature/distribution of lesions

involve loss of bone; vary from large to small cavities

lyctic lesions

excess bone; take a variety of forms from button osteomas to generalized bone diseases

proliferative lesions

misshapen bones; classic example is vertebral collapse and spinal bone wedging from vitamin d deficiency

deformative lesions

Name the two types of bone trauma and provide a brief definition

fracture: complete break

infraction: partial break

Occurs when two surfaces are displaced relative to each other

displacement; can occur with fracture/infraction

Name the two types of complete fractures

simple, communited

Type of complete fracture that involves clean break

simple

Type of complete fracture that involves breaks between breaks

comminuted

Name the two types of infractions

hinge fracture, green stick fracture

Linear infraction splitting skull base in two halves

hinge fracture

Bone bends and cracks instead of splitting into two different pieces

green stick fractures

Healing is evident in _____ trauma. This type of trauma occurs long enough before death to provide evidence for healing

antemortem

The most forensically relevant type of trauma is ____ _____

perimortem

The following is evidence for __________:

1) remodeling: porosity in bone near bone ends/rounding/blunting of broken ends

2) modeling: callus formation

3) healed fracture

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antemortem trauma

_______ are irregular in shape, disorganized surface, and raised

Calluses

Perimortem trauma is recognized by ___ _________ and a lack of healing__

green bone response

Why are postmortem injuries difficult to discern? What hallmark is associated with postmortem injuries?

can still behave like green bone; dry bone response

Cavities are caused by oral bacterial consuming ________, which produces__ ______, leading to__ _________, and eventually the__ _______ of dental tissues

sugars, acids, demineralization, loss

Name the stages of tooth decay.

enamel caries, dental caries, pulpits, periodontitis

Inflammation of tissues around bones; in bones --- results from infection in alveolar bone; can result in dental access

periodontitis

_____ __is calcified dental plague that is composed mainly of__ ____ __and__ __*and is deposited within remnant of viable*__ _________

Dental calculus; phosphate; calcium; microorganisms

Why do slow lorises make a better model for adapoids?

Sifaka lack post cranial adaptations of European adapoids, make slow lorises the better model.

What are the four most important components of the ecological record?

location type, dial activity, trophic guild, body mass

Adapoids have larger ____ __and spatulate__ ___ than omamyoids.

canines, incisors

Omamayoids have larger ____ __and shorter__ ___ than adapoids

orbits, snouts

______ __have more elongated tarsal bones, making them more suited to__ ______

Omomyoids, leaping

Unusual primate features such as ____ __to hold branches and__ __ ______ __to calculate distances are associated with arboreality, therefore composing the__ _____ __________

grasping, improved vision, arboreal hypothesis

Unusual primate features are associated with _______ ___________ __and__ ________ __related to landing in branches, indicating a shift__ _________, composing the__ ________ __________

leaping behaviors, grasping, herbivory, grasp leaping hypothesis

_______ __is unusual in euprimates and catching insects with__ _________; includes (good/poor) eyesight, with eyes__ _______ ___________

Visual predation, hands, good, close together

the _______ __hypothesis stipulates a relationship between the evolution of__ ______ __________ __producing plants and the evolution of primates__

Angiosperm, fruit,

These times of primates are active during the daytime; give example

diurnal; atolls

These types of primates are active at various points during the day and the night; give an example

cathermal; eulemur

These types of primates are active at night; give an example

nocturnal; lepilemur

What is the equation for intramemberal index?

(humerus + radius)/(femur + tibia)/w

What is the relationship between orbital size/activity patterns? What is the point of convergence of size between diurnal/nocturnal?

Nocturnal primates have larger eyes; cranial length of 75 mm

What are the four types of diet variations?

gumnivore, insectivore, folivore, frugivore

Give an example of a frugivore

callicebus

Give an example of a insectivore

tarsius

Give an example of a frugivore

callicebus

Give an example of a gummivore

phaner

Give an example of a folivore

alouatta

Describe the dental morphology of the following:

* insect eaters
* leaf eaters
* fruit eaters
* omnivores

* sharp cusps of molars
* well-developed moral shearing crests, small inciscors
* broad incisors, low rounded molar cusps
* intermediate

What is Kay’s threshold?

500 g -- point of mass at which animals shift from insects to leaves as major source of protein

What is the most reliable predictor of body mass?

molar area

Reliably human characteristics include:

* _______ brain
* anatomical features associated with _____
* very ____ canines
* flat or ______ faces
* A unique part of the face ---→
* Ability to create ___
* ability to learn _______

large, bipedalism, small, orthographic,

chin, tools, language

The Upper Paleolithic age was characterized by

1) more refined ___ __tools, especially__ _____

2) Increased use of __ __materials, other than__ _____

3) more ______ diet

4) larger, more __________, habitats,__ ________

5) __long__ ___ _____ of raw materials

6) items of ______ ___________

7) increasingly elaborate ___________

8) creation of _____

9) ______ _________ range.

stone; blades; raw; stone; varied; permanent; dwelling; distance trade; personal adornment; burials; art; increased geographic

Lower Paleolithic includes (three)

lomekwian, olduwan, acheulian

Middle Paleolithic includes

mousterian

Upper Paleolithic includes

chateuperrneian, aurgnacian, gravettian, soultrean, magdalenean

characterized by retouched flake technique/hafted tools

mousterian tools

mousterian tools plus more blade and bone

chateuperrenian tools

associated w/ even more blades/bones; early humans

auragnacean

smaller blades and denticulate knives

gravettian

exquisite leaf shaped projectile points; very finely bifacially flaked, thin

soultrean

very small micro blades; increased use of non stone raw materials

magdalanean tools