important figures in ap euro

are you real?

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor; Defender of Catholicism; opposed Protestant Reformation

Henry VIII

King of England; Established Anglican Church for political autonomy

Elizabeth I

Queen of England; Religious moderation; strong centralized Protestant state

Philip II

King of Spain; Militant Catholicism; Spanish Armada; absolutism

Machiavelli

Political Theorist; Power politics; secularism; realpolitik (The Prince)

Martin Luther

Religious Reformer; Justification by faith; started Protestant Reformation

John Calvin

Religious Reformer; Predestination; strict moral codes

Copernicus

Astronomer; Heliocentric theory

Kepler

Astronomer; Elliptical planetary motion

Galileo

Scientist; Telescope use; challenged Church; inertia

Francis Bacon

Philosopher; Empiricism; scientific method

René Descartes

Philosopher; Rationalism; deductive reasoning

Leonardo da Vinci

Artist (High Renaissance); Humanism, ideal realism (Mona Lisa)

Michelangelo

Artist (High Renaissance); Glorified human body (David, Sistine Chapel)

Raphael

Artist (High Renaissance); Classical harmony (School of Athens)

Bruegel the Elder

Artist (Northern Renaissance); Peasant life; realism

Albrecht Dürer

Artist (Northern Renaissance); Printmaking; realism

Louis XIV

King of France; Divine right monarchy; centralized absolutism

Peter the Great

Tsar of Russia; Westernization and modernization

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia; Enlightened absolutism; limited reforms

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia; Religious tolerance; education; enlightened despot

John Locke

Philosopher; Natural rights; social contract; right to rebel

Voltaire

Philosopher; Religious tolerance; free speech; anti

Rousseau

Philosopher; General will; direct democracy

Montesquieu

Philosopher; Separation of powers

Diderot

Philosopher; Editor of Encyclopédie; spread Enlightenment ideas

Mary Wollstonecraft

Philosopher; Women's rights; education (Vindication)

Immanuel Kant

Philosopher; Reason

Robespierre

Revolutionary; Radical Jacobin; Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader; Legal reform; spread nationalism; authoritarianism

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation.

Authoritarianism

A governing system characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.

Jacques

Louis David

Civic virtue

The cultivation of habits important for the success of the community.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

A composer known for his contributions to Classical music.

Adam Smith

An economist known for his work on free markets and capitalism, particularly in Wealth of Nations.

Mazzini

A nationalist figure known as the Heart of Italian Unification.

Garibaldi

A military leader known as the Sword of Italian Unification.

Count Cavour

The Prime Minister known as the Brain of Italian Unification.

Victor Emmanuel II

The King of Italy who symbolized Italian unification under monarchy.

Bismarck

The Chancellor of Prussia known for his role in German unification.

Karl Marx

An economist and philosopher known for his ideas on class struggle and communism.

John Stuart Mill

A philosopher and economist known for his ideas on utilitarianism, liberty, and women's rights.

Charles Darwin

A scientist known for his theory of natural selection and evolution.

Friedrich Nietzsche

A philosopher known for his critique of morality and the concept of the Übermensch.

Delacroix

An artist associated with Romanticism, known for Liberty Leading the People.

Monet

An artist associated with Impressionism, focusing on light and perception.

Charles Dickens

An author known for his critique of industrial society.

Victor Hugo

An author associated with Romanticism, known for Les Misérables.

David Ricardo

An economist known for his theories on comparative advantage and labor theory of value.

Woodrow Wilson

The U.S. President known for his 14 Points and advocacy for self

Lenin

A revolutionary known for Marxist

Stalin

A dictator known for totalitarianism and Five

Hitler

A dictator known for fascism, ultra

Churchill

The British Prime Minister known for his leadership during WWII and anti

Gorbachev

A Soviet leader known for Glasnost and Perestroika during the Cold War.

Thatcher

The UK Prime Minister known for neoliberalism and privatization.

Simone de Beauvoir

A philosopher known for her work on feminism and existentialism in The Second Sex.

Monnet & Schuman

Politicians recognized as founders of the EU and advocates for economic cooperation.

Picasso

An artist associated with Modernism/Cubism, known for Guernica.

Keynes

An economist known for advocating government spending to manage the economy, known as Keynesianism.

Hayek

An economist known as a critic of socialism and advocate for free

Mussolini

Founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939

Kruschev

Leader after Stain, de