Chemistry in Earth - Semester Review Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers key concepts in chemistry, plate tectonics, mixtures, and properties of matter based on the semester review notes.

What type of change is the spoiling of cheese?

Chemical change

What happens in all chemical reactions?

Release of energy

What type of mixture is brine?

Homogeneous mixture

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Divergent, Convergent, Transform

What is potential energy?

Stored energy in a piece of steel

What happens to a piece of metal that is heated and then submerged in cold water?

As the metal cools down, the molecules slow down and lose kinetic energy.

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Made of 1 substance, looks the same throughout.

What is an example of a homogeneous mixture?

Saltwater, air, Jello.

What is the name of the element with the chemical symbol Ca?

Calcium

What is the pressure in a container that is 185 mmHg in ATM?

0.243 ATM.

What are the units for specific heat capacity?

SH = heat gained/mass x temperature change

What is a neutron?

In the nucleus, no charge, and 1 AMU.

What is an electron?

Outside of the nucleus, negative charge, and negligible mass.

What is an important characteristic of a theory?

Something that can be tested many times and comes out the same.

What is the boiling point?

Temperature where liquid turns into a gas.

What is evaporation?

When a liquid turns into a gas and escapes.

What is vaporization?

Liquid to gas.

What is a phase change?

Change of state from solid, liquid, to gas.

How do you boil water at 105°C vs 100°C?

Increase external pressure.

What is the chemical symbol for sodium?

Na.

What happens to water when vapor pressure equals external pressure?

Water boils.

What state of matter has a definite shape and definite volume?

Solid.

What is the name of the element with the chemical symbol K?

Potassium.

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

Cheeseburger, cake with frosting, Jello with fruit.

What is a product in a chemical reaction?

Substance formed in a reaction.

What is a reactant in a chemical reaction?

Starting substance in a reaction.

What is analytical chemistry?

The study of the composition of materials.

What is the outermost layer of the Earth?

Crust.

What is inorganic chemistry?

Chemistry without carbon.

What is physical chemistry?

Study of the physical properties of chemicals.

What is biochemistry?

Chemistry in living things.

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons.

Is the reaction 12CO2 + 6N2 + O2 + 10 H2O with -1725 KCal exothermic or endothermic?

Exothermic.

What kind of mixture is air?

Homogeneous mixture.

When is the average kinetic energy of water molecules greatest?

At boiling point.

What is not a physical property of water?

A chemical property.

What is the temperature at which all molecular motion stops?

Absolute zero (0 Kelvin).

Why does a golf ball have more mass than a tennis ball?

It's more dense.

What type of collisions occur between gas molecules?

Elastic collisions.

What state of matter is vapor?

Gas.

What is the chemical symbol for copper?

Cu.

What is a mixture?

Two or more substances physically combined.

Where does the energy in cooking food with natural gas come from?

Chemical energy.

What is an AMU?

Atomic mass unit.

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Observation.

What is evaporation?

Escape of vapor from an uncontained liquid.

How is the modern periodic table arranged?

By atomic number.

What type of reaction occurs when a piece of wood decays?

Chemical reaction.

What is one standard atmosphere?

760 mmHg.

What happens to kinetic energy when the temperature is increased?

It increases.

What is the melting point?

Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.

Which elements are in the same period as phosphorus?

Silicon.

What is the charge and density of a nucleus of an atom?

Positive charge; density depends onp&n.

What temperature scale is used for kinetic energy?

Kelvin.

Which internal layer of the Earth is liquid?

Outer core.

What types of forces exist between liquids?

Intermolecular forces.

What cannot be considered a single phase?

A mixture of different phases.

What are the numbers of protons and electrons in an atom of uranium?

P=92, E=92, N=146.

What type of matter takes the shape of its container?

Gas and liquid.

What type of element is non-lustrous and does not conduct electricity?

Non-metals.

What is matter?

Things that take up space.

What is an example of a household item that is not a pure compound?

Salad dressing.

What are examples of physical properties?

Lustrous appearance.

What state of matter has a definite shape?

Solid.

How do isotopes differ?

In the number of neutrons.

What is a proton?

In the nucleus, positive charge, 1 AMU.

What is the name of the element with the symbol Ag?

Silver.

What occurs at equilibrium between the liquid and gas states?

Rate of evaporation equals rate of condensation.

What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?

A mixture is substances mixed physically.

Which is a pure substance: air, brass, diamond, gasoline?

Diamond.

What is chemistry?

The study of matter and how it changes.

What is the difference between Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2?

The number of neutrons.

What instrument measures atmospheric pressure?

A barometer.

What subatomic particles control physical and chemical properties?

Protons and electrons.

Which of the following is not a pure substance: mercury, helium, apple juice?

Apple juice.

What is the charge and location of subatomic particles?

Protons: nucleus, +1 charge; Neutrons: nucleus, neutral; Electrons: outside nucleus, -1 charge.

Which has the highest specific heat: steel, chloroform, or water?

Water.

What is the key difference in the number of protons in elements?

They differ by the number of protons.

Which state of matter can flow?

Liquid.

Which of the following is not an example of matter: smoke, heat, air?

Heat (a form of energy).

What is the Earth's core primarily made of?

Molten Iron and Nickel.

How many elements exist in nature?

92 natural elements.

What is distillation?

Separation technique based on boiling point.

What is a hypothesis?

The answer to your question.

Which is not a chemical process: boiling, rusting, or burning?

Boiling.

What is the mass and charge of an electron?

Mass: negligible, Charge: -1.

Why does paper turn yellow from UV light?

Chemical change.

Write a set of isotopes for Carbon.

C-12: P=6, N=6; C-13: P=6, N=7; C-14: P=6, N=8.

What is another name for a solution?

Homogeneous mixture.

What is organic chemistry?

Chemistry involving carbon.

What is the name of the element with the symbol N?

Nitrogen.

What do compounds require to be separated?

Chemical reactions.

Which is a homogeneous mixture: alcohol and water or soot and water?

Alcohol and water.

What is the amount of heat absorbed by a melting solid equal to?

The amount of heat lost by solidifying.

What is the atomic mass of an element?

Total number of protons and neutrons.

Which is not a substance: gold, air, nitrogen, or table salt?

Air.

Most tectonic plates contain which type of crust?

Oceanic crust.