ToL Exam 3

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49 Terms

1
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What is defined as the ability to retain and retrieve recollections of past events/experiences or acquired information?

memory

2
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What is defined as past learning that cannot be remembered consciously but can affect later behavior

implicit memory

3
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What is defined as the things a person knows relatively permanently?

general knowledge

4
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What early pioneer of memory reserach created nonsense syllables?

Ebbinghaus

5
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What are the three memory stages?

sensory, short-term, long-term

6
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What describes sensory memory and is the fleeting and unconscious availability for processing stimuli which the individual is not paying attention to?

cocktail party phenomenon

7
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What is the main function of sensory memory?

keep sensory impressions momentarily available for processing

8
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What refers to the awareness and recall of items that will no longer be available as soon as you stop rehearsing them?

short-term memory

9
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Who is responsible for the classic STM study over the magic number 7±2?

George Miller

10
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What working model of memory describes an executive control system concerned with controlling the flow of information in and out of working memory?

executive control system

11
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What are the two slave systems of working memory?

phonological loop and visual-spatial sketch pad

12
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What theory says we replace old material with new material because of space limitations?

displacement thoery

13
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What is LTM?

Long-term memory

14
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What are extremely vivid recollections associated with first becoming aware of some especially emotional information (can be a mass phenomenon)?

flashbulb memories

15
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What type of memories can be remembered and verbalized?

explicit/declarative memory

16
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What type of memories cannot be remembered and verbalized?

implicit/non-declarative memories

17
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What type of memory includes general, stable, abstract facts and principles?

semantic memory

18
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What type of memory refers to private knowledge that is temporal in nature and tied to specific personal events?

episodic memory

19
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Studies of memory failure as well as imaging studies of the brain suggest that different parts of the ____ are involved in each type of memory

brain

20
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What is a permanent change in the brain that was presumed to underlie memory?

the engram

21
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What are the seven ways you can forget listed in your notes?

brain injury, fading, distortion, repression, false memories syndrome, interference, retrieval-cure failure

22
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What are the forces that incite a person to act?

Motives

23
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What are the two ways of looking at motivation?

drives urging the individual into action, goals toward which the individual strives

24
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What theory says the tendency to act to satisfy a need is what defines a drive?

drive reduction

25
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What type of needs, when satisfied, result in tissue change?

Physical needs

26
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What type of needs are not necessarily manifested in bodily changes but have to do with the intellectual or emotional aspects of human functioning?

Psychological needs

27
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What refers to the value of a goal or reward for the individual?

Incentives

28
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What are the two major systems of needs?

Basic or deficiency needs & metaneeds or growth needs

29
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List Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)

30
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What are the three things that affect how motivated a person is?

Internal states (such as needs), potential outcomes, probability that a certain behavior will lead to outcome

31
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What describes the relationship between behavioral performance and arousal level; in general the most effective performance occurs at an intermediate level for arousal?

Heroes-Dodson law

32
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What assumes that conflict among beliefs, behavior, and expectations leads to behavior designed to reduce the conflict?

Cognitive dissonance

33
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What are the five ways of reducing dissonance?

Attitude change, compartmentalization, exposure to/recall of information, behavioral change, perceptual distortion

34
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What theory is premised on the assumption that individuals have a need for personal autonomy?

Self-determination theory

35
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What theory describes how individuals assign responsibility for the outcomes of their behaviors?

Attribution theory

36
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What is defined as judgments that have to do with personal estimates of competence and effectiveness?

Self-efficacy

37
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Who developed social cognitive theory?

Bandura

38
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What is any representation of a pattern for behaving?

models

39
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List the kinds of symbolic models

oral or written instruction, pictures, book characters, mental images, cartoon/film characters, computer-based programs

40
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What are the four processes in observational learning?

attentional, retention, motor reproduction, motivational

41
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What is reinforced directly by the model and is the actual consequences of the behavior?

direct reinforcement

42
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What is it called when the imitator is not actually reinforced directly and simply being imitated may be inforcing?

vicarious reinforcement

43
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What are acquired through classical conditioning and are often involved in determining whether or not a behavior will be imitated?

conditioned emotional responses (CERs)

44
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What are the three effects of imitation?

modeling effect, inhibitory and disinhibitory effect, eliciting effect

45
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What are the three main features of human agency?

intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness/self-reflection

46
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What is our shared belief about the efficacy of a group?

collective efficacy

47
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What says we both affect and are effected by our environment?

reciprocal determinism

48
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What are the three ways imitation might be evident?

novel behaviors (modeling effect), suppression/appearance of deviant behaviors (inhibitory-disinhibitory effect), the appearance of behaviors related to those of the model (eliciting effect)

49
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What are the four mains sources of influence?

enactive, vicarious, persuasatory, arousal