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What is defined as the ability to retain and retrieve recollections of past events/experiences or acquired information?
memory
What is defined as past learning that cannot be remembered consciously but can affect later behavior
implicit memory
What is defined as the things a person knows relatively permanently?
general knowledge
What early pioneer of memory reserach created nonsense syllables?
Ebbinghaus
What are the three memory stages?
sensory, short-term, long-term
What describes sensory memory and is the fleeting and unconscious availability for processing stimuli which the individual is not paying attention to?
cocktail party phenomenon
What is the main function of sensory memory?
keep sensory impressions momentarily available for processing
What refers to the awareness and recall of items that will no longer be available as soon as you stop rehearsing them?
short-term memory
Who is responsible for the classic STM study over the magic number 7±2?
George Miller
What working model of memory describes an executive control system concerned with controlling the flow of information in and out of working memory?
executive control system
What are the two slave systems of working memory?
phonological loop and visual-spatial sketch pad
What theory says we replace old material with new material because of space limitations?
displacement thoery
What is LTM?
Long-term memory
What are extremely vivid recollections associated with first becoming aware of some especially emotional information (can be a mass phenomenon)?
flashbulb memories
What type of memories can be remembered and verbalized?
explicit/declarative memory
What type of memories cannot be remembered and verbalized?
implicit/non-declarative memories
What type of memory includes general, stable, abstract facts and principles?
semantic memory
What type of memory refers to private knowledge that is temporal in nature and tied to specific personal events?
episodic memory
Studies of memory failure as well as imaging studies of the brain suggest that different parts of the ____ are involved in each type of memory
brain
What is a permanent change in the brain that was presumed to underlie memory?
the engram
What are the seven ways you can forget listed in your notes?
brain injury, fading, distortion, repression, false memories syndrome, interference, retrieval-cure failure
What are the forces that incite a person to act?
Motives
What are the two ways of looking at motivation?
drives urging the individual into action, goals toward which the individual strives
What theory says the tendency to act to satisfy a need is what defines a drive?
drive reduction
What type of needs, when satisfied, result in tissue change?
Physical needs
What type of needs are not necessarily manifested in bodily changes but have to do with the intellectual or emotional aspects of human functioning?
Psychological needs
What refers to the value of a goal or reward for the individual?
Incentives
What are the two major systems of needs?
Basic or deficiency needs & metaneeds or growth needs
List Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom to top)
What are the three things that affect how motivated a person is?
Internal states (such as needs), potential outcomes, probability that a certain behavior will lead to outcome
What describes the relationship between behavioral performance and arousal level; in general the most effective performance occurs at an intermediate level for arousal?
Heroes-Dodson law
What assumes that conflict among beliefs, behavior, and expectations leads to behavior designed to reduce the conflict?
Cognitive dissonance
What are the five ways of reducing dissonance?
Attitude change, compartmentalization, exposure to/recall of information, behavioral change, perceptual distortion
What theory is premised on the assumption that individuals have a need for personal autonomy?
Self-determination theory
What theory describes how individuals assign responsibility for the outcomes of their behaviors?
Attribution theory
What is defined as judgments that have to do with personal estimates of competence and effectiveness?
Self-efficacy
Who developed social cognitive theory?
Bandura
What is any representation of a pattern for behaving?
models
List the kinds of symbolic models
oral or written instruction, pictures, book characters, mental images, cartoon/film characters, computer-based programs
What are the four processes in observational learning?
attentional, retention, motor reproduction, motivational
What is reinforced directly by the model and is the actual consequences of the behavior?
direct reinforcement
What is it called when the imitator is not actually reinforced directly and simply being imitated may be inforcing?
vicarious reinforcement
What are acquired through classical conditioning and are often involved in determining whether or not a behavior will be imitated?
conditioned emotional responses (CERs)
What are the three effects of imitation?
modeling effect, inhibitory and disinhibitory effect, eliciting effect
What are the three main features of human agency?
intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness/self-reflection
What is our shared belief about the efficacy of a group?
collective efficacy
What says we both affect and are effected by our environment?
reciprocal determinism
What are the three ways imitation might be evident?
novel behaviors (modeling effect), suppression/appearance of deviant behaviors (inhibitory-disinhibitory effect), the appearance of behaviors related to those of the model (eliciting effect)
What are the four mains sources of influence?
enactive, vicarious, persuasatory, arousal