Angiosperms pt 1, 2, 3

What are the basic characteristics of plant kingdoms?

autotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, non-mobile, cellulose-rich cell walls, alternations of generations life cycle, special adaptations for life on land

Draw the heterosporous life cycle

Angiosperms are also called ___ ____

flowering plants

Angiosperms seeds are….

enclosed within a fruit

Angiosperms are the most ____ group of extant plants and vary in ____

diverse, size

What are the uniting characteristics of angiosperms? (vascular & seed plants)

flowers, seeds borne in fruits, double fertilization

What are the 2 major groups of angiosperms?

monocot, dicot

Monocot

petals in groups of 3s, parallel veins in leaf

Dicot

petals in groups of 4s or 5s, netted veins in leaf

What are flowers?

a modified shoot that produces sporophylls

What are sporophylls?

leaves modified to have spores

Ovules are borne in ____

carpels

What are carpels?

female parts of the flower

What are flowers composed of?

sterile & fertile reproductive parts attached to a receptacle

What is a receptacle?

attachment point of all flower parts

What are the main parts of the flower?

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

What does the sterile part of the flower mean?

no gametes

What are the sterile parts of the flower?

sepals, petals

Sepals are the ____ layer

outer

Function of sepals

protect developing flower that is still in bud form

Appearance of sepals

green

Collective name of sepals

calyx

Petals are the ___ layer

inner

Function of petals

attract pollinators for pollination

Appearance of petals

bright colored, smell good

Collective name of petals

corolla

What are tepals?

when petals & sepals are indistinguishable

What is the collective name for petals and sepals all together?

perianth

What are the fertile parts of the flower?

stamen, carpels

Stamens are the ___ parts of the flower

male

What do stamens produce?

pollen

Stamens are ______

microsporophylls

What are microsporophylls?

modified leaves associated with microsporangia

Stamens consist of ____ & ____

anther, filament

What is an anther?

bud-like structure, produces pollen

What is a filament?

stalk that supports anther

What are anthers and filaments called?

androecium (house of man) or stamen

Carpels are the ____ part of flowers

female

Where do seeds originate?

in carpels

What do carpels produce?

ovules

Carpels are _______

megasporophylls

What is the whole female part of the flower called?

gynoecium (house of woman)

Carpels consist of what 3 parts?

stigma, style, ovary

What is a stigma?

bulb in the middle of flower, catches pollen for fertilization

What is a style?

tube-like structure that holds up stigma

What is an ovary?

contains & produces ovules

After fertilization, the ovary becomes a ____

fruit

What is the collective name for stigma, style, ovary

carpel

What is floral symmetry?

arrangement of parts of the flower

What are the 2 types of floral symmetry?

actinomorphic, zygomorphic

Actinomorphic symmetry

radial symmetry, can cut infinite ways and always get mirror image

Zygomorphic symmetry

bilateral symmetry, can only cut once and get mirror image

What is floral fusion?

flower parts can be fused or separated

What are the 2 types of floral fusion?

connation, adnation

Connation

fusion of 1 layer of the flower (all petals)

Adnation

fusion of 2 different layers of flower (petals, sepals)

What are perfect flowers?

bisexual, have both male & female parts

What are imperfect flowers?

unisexual, have only male or only female parts

What is a whorl?

sepals, petals, stamens, carpels

What is a complete flower?

have all 4 whorls

What is an incomplete flower?

missing 1 of the 4 whorls

Superior ovary

ovary is above sepals & petals

Inferior ovary

ovary is below sepals & petals

Peduncle

central stalk

Pedicel

individual flower stalk attaching flower to central stalk

What is an inflorescence?

2 or more flowers in a cluster arranged various ways

What are the elongated types of inflorescence?

solitary, spike, raceme, panicle

Solitary inflorescence

1 flower on main axis

Spike inflorescence

unbranched main axis with sessile flowers

What does sessile mean?

no stalk

Raceme inflorescence

unbranched main axis with stalked flowers

Panicle inflorescence

multi-branched, each branch has multiple flowers

What are the flat-top inflorescence types?

umbel, corymb/cyme

Umbel inflorescence

flat-topped, individual pedicels originate from same point

Corymb/cyme inflorescence

flat-topped, individual pedicels originate from different points

Catkin inflorescence

unisexual, spike-like, hang off branch

What is an example of a catkin inflorescence?

oak tree

What catkin characteristics let you know that they are not insect pollinated?

wind pollinated, have no petals, no smell

Head inflorescence

looks like a single flower, hundreds of tiny flowers arranged on a structure

Head inflorescence are common in the _____ family

aster

What is an example of head inflorescence?

sunflower, daisy

What are disk flowers?

each individual flower in the middle of a whole flower (brown dots in sunflower)

What are ray flowers?

a petal with an ovary attached at the end (yellow petal on sunflower)

In the stamen, each anther is composed of….

4 pollen sacs (microsporangia)

Within each microsporangia are ____ _____

diploid microsporocytes

Microsporocytes undergo ____ to produce ___ _____

meiosis, haploid microspores

What is a sporocyte?

diploid cells inside a sporangium that undergo meiosis to produce 4 spores

Each microspore develops into a ___ ____, also called a ________

pollen grain, microgametophyte

What does the microgametophyte produce?

sperm

The pollen grain is covered in _____

sporopollenin

What is sporopollenin?

hard outer layer, prevent drying out when flying through air

The pollen grain consist of what 2 cells?

tube cell, generative cell

Tube cell

grows into pollen tubes

Generative cell

splits into 2 sperm cells

Ovules are located within the _____

ovary

What does a young ovule consist of?

integuments, nucellus, diploid megasporocyte

A nucellus is also called a ______

megasporangium

Each megasporocyte undergoes ____ to produce what?

meiosis, 4 haploid megaspores

What happens to the 4 megaspores?

3 disintegrate, leaving 1 functional megaspore

The functional megaspore undergoes _____ how many times to produce what?

mitosis, 3 times to produce 8 nuclei