Human Anatomy Exam 1 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering skin histology, bone tissue structures, bone markings, and anatomical directional terminology for BIOL 2441 Lab Exam 1.

Skin Model (70x)

An enlarged 70x anatomical skin model displaying the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, and sensory structures.

Skin Model (Udo Savalli)

An anatomical skin model section illustrating the epidermal layers, dermal papillae, hair root, hair bulb, cortex, medulla, arrector pili muscle, and sensory corpuscles.

Osteon Model (Cross-Section & Compact Bone)

An anatomical model enlarged approximately $80\times$ showing compact bone, osteons, trabeculae of spongy bone, periosteum, endosteum, and Volkmann canals.

Osteon Model (Longitudinal Detail)

A detailed model view showing concentric lamellae surrounding central canals, lacunae containing osteocytes, perforating fibers, and bone marrow.

Anatomical Directional Terms Diagram

A reference diagram detailing body directions including superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, proximal/distal, medial/lateral, and superficial/deep.

Epidermis

The superficial layer of the skin composed of five strata: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis (layer 1) resting on the dermal papillae.

Stratum corneum

The outermost, most superficial layer of the epidermis (layer 5) consisting of dead keratinized cells.

Dermal papilla

Finger-like projections of the papillary layer of the dermis extending into the epidermis.

Arrector pili muscle

Smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that pulls the hair erect upon contraction.

Sebaceous gland

An exocrine gland associated with hair follicles that secretes oily sebum.

Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle

A sensory receptor located in the dermal papillae responsible for light touch sensitivity.

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle

A deep sensory receptor in the skin specialized for sensing pressure and vibration.

Periosteum

A double-layered membrane covering tubular bone; its inner osteogenic layer contains osteoblast precursor cells for fracture regeneration, and its outer fibrous layer consists of firm collagenous connective tissue.

Perforating fibers (Sharpey fibers)

Bundles of collagenous fibers passing directly from the periosteum into the connective tissue matrix of the bone.

Osteon (Haversian system)

The basic structural unit of lamellar compact bone consisting of concentric layers of matrix (lamellae) surrounding a central Haversian canal.

Anorganic bone component

The inorganic matrix component making up approximately $65\%$ of complete bone substance, mainly composed of hydroxyapatite.

Organic bone component

The organic matrix component consisting of over $90\%$ collagen fibers arranged at varying angles to stabilize bone against pull and push forces.

Osteocytes

Bone cells held in lacunae between lamellae, nourished by Haversian vessels through interconnected canaliculi.

Intermediate lamellae

Lamellae located between osteons without blood vessel connections, representing remnants of former osteons from bone restructuring.

Volkmann canals

Transverse or oblique bony canals containing vessels connecting Haversian canals, which are not surrounded by concentric circular lamellae.

Endosteum

An inner lining membrane of flat cells capable of forming new bone, located along the medullary cavity and spongy trabeculae.

Process

Any prominent projection or growth on a bone.

Trochanter

A very large, blunt, and irregularly shaped projection found exclusively on the femur.

Tuberosity

A large, rounded, and often roughened projection that serves as an attachment site for muscles.

Tubercle

A small, rounded projection or process on a bone.

Crest

A narrow, usually prominent ridge of bone.

Line

A narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than a crest.

Epicondyle

A raised area located on or above a condyle.

Spine

A sharp, slender, and often pointed projection on a bone.

Head

A prominent bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.

Facet

A smooth, nearly flat articular surface on a bone.

Condyle

A rounded articular projection that typically articulates with a corresponding fossa.

Foramen

A round or oval opening through a bone.

Groove

A furrow running along a bone surface.

Fissure

A narrow, slit-like opening in a bone.

Notch

An indentation at the edge of a bone structure.

Fossa

A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often functioning as an articular surface.

Meatus

A canal-like passageway through a bone.

Sinus

A cavity within a bone filled with air and lined with mucous membrane.

Fovea

A small, cup-shaped depression in a bone.

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; on the belly side.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

Superior (Cranial or Cephalic)

Above or at a higher level in the human body; toward the head.

Inferior (Caudal)

Below or at a lower level; toward the feet or tail.

Proximal

Toward an attached base or closer to the point of attachment.

Distal

Away from an attached base or farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface.

Deep

Toward the interior of the body; farther from the body surface.