MCAT Hormones

Anterior Pituitary Acronym

FLATPEG

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Lutenizing (LH)

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

Prolactin

Endorphins

Growth Hormone

Growth Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

Bone, Muscle, cells

Growth, glucose uptake, break down FA

Stim by GHRH

Inhib by Somatostatin

Prolactin

Anterior Pituitary

Mammary glands

Stimulates milk production

Stim by Prolactin releasing hormone

Not inhib

ACTH (Adrenocortiotropic Hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

Adrenal Cortex

Stim adrenal cortex to synth and secrete glucocoriticoids

Stim by Corticotropin Release Factor

Not inhib

TSH (Thyroid stim hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

Thyroid gland (secreted)

Stim thyroid to absorb iodine and synthesize and release thyroid hormone

Stim by Thyroid release hormone

Not inhib

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

Synthesize testosterone/ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in interstitial cells of testes and ovaries

FSH (Follicle-stim hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

Effector: Seminiferous tubules/ovarian follicles

Maturation and sperm production/maturation of follicles

Stim/Inhib by Estrogen and GnRH

Oxytocin

Posterior Pituitary (secreted)

Hypothalamus (synthesized)

Uterus/mammary glands

Contractions/milk production

Stim by childbirth/suckline

ADH (Vasopressin)

Posterior Pituitary (secreted)

Hypothalamus (synthesized)

Nephron

Inc permeability to water, reabsorb of water

Stim by osmolarity inc or blood vol dec

Inhib by alcohol and caffeine

(T3 and T4) Thyroid Hormones

Thyroid

Many tissues

Metabolic Activity

Stim by TSH

Inhib by high plasma levels of thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Thyroid

Bone, kidney, liver

decreases blood calcium level

Stim by high blood calcium

Not inhib

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid

Bone, kidney, intestines

Inc blood calcium level

Stim by low blood calcium levels

Inhib by Ca2+

Glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone)

Adrenal Cortex

Glucose regulation and protein metabolism pathways

Inc blood glucose and decreases protein synth

Stim by ACTH

Inhib by negative feedback mechanism

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Adrenal Cortex

Nephron

Inc water reabsorption in kidneys, rise in blood vol, and rise in blood pressure

Stim by Renin-angiotensin sys (specifically antiotensin 2 acting on adrenal cortex to secrete)

Inhib by negative feedback mechanism

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Adrenal Medulla

Muscle, liver, heart, circulatrory sys, brain, skin, digestive tract

Inc blood glucose and heart rate

Stim by Sympathetic nervous sys

Inhib by DRUGS :)

Glucagon

Pancreas (secreted)

Alpha Cells of Pancreas (synthesized)

All over

Stim conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver, inc blood glucose

Stim by low blood sugar/gastrin/CCK

Inhib by high blood sugar

Insulin

Pancreas (secreted)

Beta cells of pancreas (synthesized)

Muscle, liver, adipose

Lowers blood glucose and inc glycogen stores

Stim by high blood sugar

Inhib by low blood sugar

Somatostatin

Pancreas (secreted)

Delta Cells of Pancreas

All over

Suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

Stim by high amino acid levels, CCK and GH

Not inhib

Testosterone

Testies (secreted)

Interstitial cells of testes (synthsized)

Embryo

Male 2ndary sex characteristics

Stim by FSH and LH

Not inhib

Estrogen

Ovarian Flollicles & Corpus Luteum (secreted)

Ovary/Placenta (synthesized)

Maintains female secondary characteristics (endometrium)

Stim by LH and FSH

Death of Corpus Luteum

Progesterone

& Corpus Luteum (secreted)

Ovary/Placenta (synthesized)

Promotes growth/maintenance of endometrium in endometrial walls

Stim by LH and FSH

Death of Corpus Luteum

Human Chorionic Ganadotropin

Corpus Luteum (secreted)

Blastocyst and Placenta (synthesized)

Preserves corpus luteum and maintains preg

Stim during 1st trimester

Inhib by 2nd trimester/secretion by placenta

Melatonin

Pineal Gland

Brain

Unclear/Maybe Circadian rhythms

Stim by light & dark cycles in environment

Atrial Natriuretic hormone

Heart

Involved with osmoregulation of the kidney

Thymosin

Thymus (secreted)

Thymus gland (synthesized)

Stimulates T lymphocyte development

Stim in childhood

Inhib by adulthood

Acetylcholine

Nervous system

Motor Neurons, para and sympathetic nerves

Neurotransmitter

Stim by aceylcholinesterase

Not inhib

Amylase

Mouth and Pancreas

Starches -> Maltose

Adenylate cyclase

Intracellular Space

ATP -> cAMP

Stim by hormone binding to protein receptor

Fibrin

Liquid component of blood

Tissue

Formation of blood clot

Stim whn Thrombin cleaves Fibrinogen

Not inhib

Gastrin

Pyloric Mucosa (secreted)

Pyloric Glands (synthesized)

Gastric Glands

Stim the secretion of gastric juices

When Food Enters Stomach

Pepsin

Cheif cells (secrete)

Gastric Glands (synthesized)

Protein hydrolysis

Stim by Gastrin

Hydrochloric Acid

Parietal Cells (secrete)

Gastric Glands (synthesized)

Pepsin, Food, Bacteria

Pepsin to active form, hold food together, kill bacteria

Stim by Gastrin

Maltase, Lactase, Sucrase, Peptidase

Intestinal Mucosa

Secretin

Duodenum

Secretes pancreatic juices

Stim by acidity of chyme

Pancreatic Juice

Pancreas

Chyme

neutralizes acidity, digests, carbs, fats, and proteins

Stim by Secretin

CCK

Duodenum

Secrete pancreatic enzymes & bile from Liver

Stim by Chyme in Duodenum

Bile

Gall Bladder (secreted)

Liver (synthesized)

Emulsifies Fat in the duodenum

Stim by CCK

Not Inhib

Enterogastrone

Duodenum

Stomach smooth muscle

Slows peristalsis and release of chyme into sm. intestine

Stim by Fat in Chyme

Enterokinase

Intestinal glands (secreted)

Small intestine (synthesized)

Tyrpsinogen -> Trypsin

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin

Small intestine (secreted)

Pancreas (synthesized)

Peptide bonds (trypsin converts chymotripsinogen to chymotrypsin)

Carbosypeptidase

Small intestine (secreted)

Pancreas (synthesized)

Terminal peptide bond at C-term -> Hydrolysis

Amino- & Di-Peptidases

Small intestine (secreted)

Intestinal glands (synthesized)

Hydrolisis of peptide bonds

Lipase

Small intestine (secreted)

Pancreas

Hydrolysis of lipids

Carbonic anhydrase

RBCs

CO2 + H2O and H2CO3 (interconversion)

Stim by high CO2 or H+ levels

Renin

Kidney (secreted)

Juxtaglomerular cells (synthesized)

Angiosinogen -> Antiotenis1 -> Antiotenis2

Acts on adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Endorphins

Anterior Pituitary

Pain centers in brain

Inhibits perception of pain

Not stim

Not inhib