Myers & DeWall Psychology Chapter 10: Intelligence (11th Edition)

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31 Terms

1

Intelligence

The mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

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2

General intelligence (g)

A general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

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3

Savant syndrome

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

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4

Practical intelligence

Intelligence that is required for everyday tasks that are not well-defined, and that may have many possible solutions.

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5

Analytical intelligence (academic problem-solving intelligence)

Assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a singe right answer.

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6

Creative intelligence

Demonstrated in innovative smarts; the ability to generate novel ideas.

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7

Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

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8

Spearman's general intelligence theory

A basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas.

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9

Thurstone's primary mental abilities theory

Our intelligence may be broken down into 7 factors; word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.

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10

Gardner's multiple intelligences

Our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts.

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11

Sternberg's triarchic theory

Our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical.

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12

Intelligence test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

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13

Achievement test

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

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14

Aptitude test

A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

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15

Mental Age

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

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16

Stanford-Binet

The widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

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17

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

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18

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Score (WAIS)

The WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence test; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

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19

Standardization

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

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20

Normal curve

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

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21

Reliability

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.

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22

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

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23

Content validity

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

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24

Predictive validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

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25

Cohort

A group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as from a given time period.

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26

Crystallized intelligence

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

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27

Fluid intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

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28

Intellectual disability

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation).

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29

Down syndrome

A condition mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

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30

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

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31

Stereotype threat

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

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