mitosis, meiosis, and mutations: meiosis; oogenesis and spermatogenesis; and mutations in chromosomes & DNA-ms. morgan

the goal of meiosis is to make ____________ gametes

haploid

Where is meiosis located?

girls: ovaries

boys: testes

what is the preparation order for meiosis

G1, S, G2

meiosis begins with a ____________ cell

diploid

how many times does meiosis go through PMAT?

twice

what does meiosis I include?

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

(PMAT 1)

Cytokinesis

prophase I id the same as ___________ prophase?

mitosis

in both mitosis prophase and prophase I the _____________ disappears

nucleus

in both mitosis prophase and prophase I the DNA condenses into _____________________

chromosomes

in both mitosis prophase and prophase I the centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and produce ___________ __________

spindle fibers

in the new steps of prophase I: _________________ chromosomes find each other

homologous

Crossing over can occur-when sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes "_______ _____" and exchange genes

"cross legs"

purpose=____________

variety

in metaphase I homologous pairs line up in the ___________ ___ _____ ______

middle of the cell

in anaphase I homologous pairs are _____________ and move towards opposite ends of the _____

separated; cell

in telophase I the cells begin to ________ apart

pinch

sometimes in telophase I a new ___________ forms

nucleus

in telophase I these new cells are NOT ______________. They have _______ the original amount of DNA (1 set) and are now ___________.

identical; half; haploid

The steps of meiosis II are _______ _______ mitosis

just like

meiosis is just like __________, just with __ cells instead of 1

mitosis; 2

In between meiosis I and II, some _______ for a while, but many do not

stop

the end result of meiosis is 4 ___________ cells (gametes)

haploid

Prophase II: chromosomes (in "___" shapes) _____________ further

X; condense

Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up in the ______________ ________ in the middle.

metaphase plate

Anaphase II: chromosomes are pulled apart and __________ chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.

single

Telophase II: each cell (remember-there are 2) divides and forms a nucleus and ______________, making 4 ____________ (single chromosome) daughter cells.

membrane; haploid

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

in males

What is the goal of spermatogenesis?

produce sperm that can travel long distances

spermatogenesis in meiosis produces __ evenly divided __________ cells

4; divided

Where does oogenesis occur?

in females

What is the goal of oogenesis?

to provide everything the baby needs initially

oogenesis in meiosis produces __ egg (with all the cytoplasm and organelles) and the rest are __________________ cells called _________ bodies

1; disposable; polar

structural mutations usually happen when a chromosome __________ and is incorrectly ____________

breaks; repaired

what are the types of structural mutations?

delation, translocation, and inversion

when a chromosome completely loses a segment

deletion

when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome

translocation

when part of a chromosome breaks and reattaches (to the same chromosome) upside down

inversion

what are the microstructural mutations?

Microdeletion,

Microinsertion, and

Frameshift mutation

Microdeletion is when 1 letter is _____________

missing

Microinsertion is when 1 letter is ____________

added

when the 3 letter pattern shifts a letter because of an addition or subtraction

framshift mutation

Macromutations can't be seen in a _________________

karyotype

numerical mutations happen when someone has ____ ______ or not ___________ chromosomes

too many; enough

what are the numerical mutations?

polyploidy; poly/monosomy; and nondisjunction

more than the correct # of sets

polyploidy

polyploidy is common in __________; and usually causes death in ____________

plants(often seedlesss); humans

Incorrect number of 1 chromosome only

poly/monosomy

what is an example of poly/monosomy

having 3 #21 chromosomes=having down syndrome

nondisjunction is a common cause of _______________ and ______________

polysomy and monosomy

in nondisjunction sometimes homologous pairs do not ______ correctly during Anaphase I. This leads to some ___________ getting 2 copies of the piece of DNA

split; gametes

After fertilization, nondisjunction can lead to disorders like _______ ______________, ________________ ________________, and _________ ______________.

Down Syndrome, Kleinfelder Syndrome, and Turner's Syndrome.

down's syndrome is a trisomy if the ___ chromosome

21st

people with down's syndrome have ______ muscle tone (babies appear "___________")

low; floppy

people with down's syndrome have _______ facial features with a small _______

flat; nose

people with down's syndrome have an _____________ slant to the eyes

upward

people with down's syndrome have small skin folds on the __________ corner of the eyes

inner

people with down's syndrome may have _________ problems

heart

turner syndrome is a _____ chromosome monosomy

sex

in turners syndrome there is an ___ chromosome monosomy

X (means there is only one X)

turner syndrome occurs in __________

females (XO)

people with turner syndrome are ________

short

people with turner syndrome do not mature ____________

sexually

people with turner syndrome have some physical abnormalities including a _____________ ________

webbed neck

Kleinfelder's syndrome is a sex chromosome _______________

polysomy

Kleinfelder's syndrome occurs in _______

males (XXY)

people with Kleinfelder's syndrome have enlarged __________

breasts

people with Kleinfelder's syndrome have sparse _________ and _________ ______

facial; body hair

people with Kleinfelder's syndrome have small _________

testes

people with Kleinfelder's syndrome have an inability to produce __________

sperm

Kleinfelder's syndrome includes ______ (most common), XXXY, XXYY, XXXXY, XXXYY

XXY