CT2 Midsem Study: Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, Genetics, and Cancer

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering pain classification, neuroanatomy, pharmacology, genetic disorder inheritance rules, and cancer staging and treatments.

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or __________ tissue damage.

potential

Acute pain is defined as pain with a duration of less than __________ months.

3

Chronic pain is defined as pain with a duration of more than __________ months.

3

__________ is defined as a state where original tissue damage augments the pain produced by subsequent high-intensity stimuli due to an amplified neural response.

Hyperalgesia

__________ is a reduction in threshold such that pain is now produced by low intensity non-damaging stimuli.

Allodynia

Pain occurring between doses of regular analgesics in patients with severe chronic pain is referred to as __________ pain.

breakthrough

Gate control theory proposes a gate mechanism in the __________ horn of the spinal cord.

dorsal

Pain resulting from activating normal pain receptors due to actual or threatened physical damage is called __________ pain.

nociceptive

Pain caused by a direct lesion, disease, or damage affecting the nervous system is called __________ pain.

neuropathic

Physical discomfort caused, increased, or prolonged by mental, emotional, or behavioural factors rather than distinct physical injury is called __________ pain.

psychogenic

The __________ order neuron carries information from the periphery to the spinal cord.

first

Conscious perception of tissue damage is transmitted from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex via the __________ order neuron.

third

NSAIDs are useful in pain management because their opioid __________ effects allow for a reduction in opioid dosage.

sparing

In patients with liver disease, accumulation of the active drug may increase the __________ effects of opioids.

depressant

The aim of general anaesthetic is to use a combination of agents to achieve unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, and __________.

amnesia

Opioid overdose causes vital body functions to slow down, resulting in respiratory depression, cyanosis, cardiac arrest, and __________ pupils.

pinpoint

The nursing management of an opioid overdose requires administering __________.

naloxone

Naloxone acts as a short-acting antagonist with a half-life of __________ minutes.

30-60

Anticonvulsants used as adjunct pain medications in chronic pain include Gabapentin and __________.

pregabalin

For an autosomal recessive disorder to affect a person, both copies must be the __________ allele.

mutant/recessive

When both parents are carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder ($Aa \times Aa$), the probability of an offspring being affected ($aa$) is __________%.

25

When only one parent is a carrier ($Aa$) and the other is a non-carrier ($AA$) for an autosomal recessive disorder, the probability of an offspring being affected is __________%.

0

In X-linked recessive disorders, __________ cannot be carriers because they only possess one X chromosome.

males

If a carrier mother and an affected father have offspring, the probability of a daughter being affected by an X-linked recessive disorder is __________%.

50

If a carrier mother and an unaffected father have offspring, the probability of a son being affected by an X-linked recessive disorder is __________%.

50

In the TNM cancer staging system, the letter 'T' stands for __________ size.

tumour

Cancer that has metastasised to distant organs is designated as Stage __________.

4

Febrile neutropenia is defined as a temperature of $38^\circ\text{C}+$ AND neutrophils $<10 \times 10^9/\text{L}$, requiring broad-spectrum antibiotics within __________ minutes.

30

Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets __________ cells to treat B cell lymphomas.

CD20+

__________ chemotherapy is administered prior to definitive local control surgery or irradiation to reduce initial tumour size.

Neoadjuvant

__________ chemotherapy is administered after local treatment when minimal cancer remains but there is a high risk of metastasis.

Adjuvant

Morphine exerts its analgesic action by activating mu opioid receptors in the CNS and inhibiting __________-type voltage-operated calcium channels.

N

__________ is a combination medication acting on mu opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord as well as gut opioid receptors to prevent constipation.

Targin

Tamoxifen selectively binds to __________ receptors in breast tissue to decrease DNA synthesis of hormone-dependent cancers.

oestrogen

Filgrastim mimics the action of __________ to stimulate the proliferation and maturation of neutrophils in the bone marrow.

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Paracetamol alleviates pain and reduces fever by inhibiting the __________ pathways in the CNS.

cyclooxygenase (COX)

Amitriptyline decreases neuropathic pain by inhibiting the re-uptake of transmitters such as norepinephrine and __________.

serotonin

Pregabalin modulates neurotransmitter release in the CNS by binding to the __________ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels.

$$\alpha2\delta$$

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin __________, promoting new blood cell generation and DNA synthesis.

B12

Adrenaline acts on __________ receptors to produce vasoconstriction, increased contractility, and heart rate.

alpha & beta