Studied by 17 people
to catalyze reactions
What is the role of enzymes?
the active site has to match the substrate
How is enzyme structure related to function?
the active site’s physical and chemical properties
What determines whether a substrate can interact with the enzyme?
it hasn’t changed and can be reused
What happens to an enzyme at the end of the reaction?
enzyme
a biological catalyst for biochemical reactions
tertiary
If this level of structure changes, then the enzyme will cease to fuction.
synthesis and digestion
What types of reactions do enzymes catalyze?
by lowering the activation energy requirements
How do enzymes catalyze reactions?
‘grabbing’ the correct molecule and positioning it correctly for the reaction
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
decrease
Do enzymes increase or decrease a reaction’s activation rate?
36 celsius
What is the optimal range for a typical human enzyme?
the enzyme’s maximum reaction rate has been reached
Why do reactions plateau on graphs?
the ability to bind with the enzyme and change/block the active site
What criteria do both forms of inhibition rely on to function?
one blocks the substrate from the active site, but the other bonds with the allosteric site and changes the shape of the active site
What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?
one absorbs free energy, while the other releases energy
Endergonic (up) vs. Exergonic (down)
Rubisco
the enzyme used in carbon fixation
one shows photosynthesis rates with different wavelengths, and the other with different pigments.
Action vs. Absorption Spectrum
cellular respiration, fermentation
What metabolic mitochondrial process is aerobic, and which is anaerobic?
lactic acid
What product of fermentation is produced when a muscle goes beyond its oxygen capabilities?
glycolysis
What part of cellular respiration can occur without oxygen?
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
uses molecules to directly drive ATP production
Pyruvate Oxidation
“fixes” pyruvate for the Kreb’s cycle by removing molecules and ions
two
How many rotations does it take for the Kreb’s cycle to make 1 reaction?
FAD and NAD+
What are the two main electron carriers in cellular respiration?
Kreb’s
What cycle is an example of substrate-level phosphorylation?
Acetyl-CoA
What molecule is the starting point for the Kreb’s cycle?
oxidative phosphorylation / electron transport chain
What process in cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
using the free energy from ions moving across a concentration gradient to fuel a reaction
What is chemiosmosis?
releasing the excess energy produced from reactions as heat
What is decoupling?
water
What does cellular respiration produce, as well as ATP?
they are more likely to survive and reproduce in their given environment
Why do organisms benefit from molecular variation?
the ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment
What is fitness?
it allows for it to maintain its fluidity in extreme temperatures
How does cholesterol increase fitness in animal cell membranes?
it’s hydrophobic
Why does an increase in cholesterol lead to a decrease in osmosis?
absorb oxygen in the blood stream
What does hemoglobin do?
it allows for the fetus to grow more during pregnancy
Why is fetal hemoglobin important, as opposed to adult hemoglobin?
Note 
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