AP Biology Unit 3

to catalyze reactions

What is the role of enzymes?

the active site has to match the substrate

How is enzyme structure related to function?

the active site’s physical and chemical properties

What determines whether a substrate can interact with the enzyme?

it hasn’t changed and can be reused

What happens to an enzyme at the end of the reaction?

enzyme

a biological catalyst for biochemical reactions

tertiary

If this level of structure changes, then the enzyme will cease to fuction.

synthesis and digestion

What types of reactions do enzymes catalyze?

by lowering the activation energy requirements

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

‘grabbing’ the correct molecule and positioning it correctly for the reaction

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

decrease

Do enzymes increase or decrease a reaction’s activation rate?

36 celsius

What is the optimal range for a typical human enzyme?

the enzyme’s maximum reaction rate has been reached

Why do reactions plateau on graphs?

the ability to bind with the enzyme and change/block the active site

What criteria do both forms of inhibition rely on to function?

one blocks the substrate from the active site, but the other bonds with the allosteric site and changes the shape of the active site

What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?

one absorbs free energy, while the other releases energy

Endergonic (up) vs. Exergonic (down)

Rubisco

the enzyme used in carbon fixation

one shows photosynthesis rates with different wavelengths, and the other with different pigments.

Action vs. Absorption Spectrum

cellular respiration, fermentation

What metabolic mitochondrial process is aerobic, and which is anaerobic?

lactic acid

What product of fermentation is produced when a muscle goes beyond its oxygen capabilities?

glycolysis

What part of cellular respiration can occur without oxygen?

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

uses molecules to directly drive ATP production

Pyruvate Oxidation

“fixes” pyruvate for the Kreb’s cycle by removing molecules and ions

two

How many rotations does it take for the Kreb’s cycle to make 1 reaction?

FAD and NAD+

What are the two main electron carriers in cellular respiration?

Kreb’s

What cycle is an example of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Acetyl-CoA

What molecule is the starting point for the Kreb’s cycle?

oxidative phosphorylation / electron transport chain

What process in cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

using the free energy from ions moving across a concentration gradient to fuel a reaction

What is chemiosmosis?

releasing the excess energy produced from reactions as heat

What is decoupling?

water

What does cellular respiration produce, as well as ATP?

they are more likely to survive and reproduce in their given environment

Why do organisms benefit from molecular variation?

the ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment

What is fitness?

it allows for it to maintain its fluidity in extreme temperatures

How does cholesterol increase fitness in animal cell membranes?

it’s hydrophobic

Why does an increase in cholesterol lead to a decrease in osmosis?

absorb oxygen in the blood stream

What does hemoglobin do?

it allows for the fetus to grow more during pregnancy

Why is fetal hemoglobin important, as opposed to adult hemoglobin?