CSET English subtest 2

overt inflectional ending

adding an s to change something to present tense third person. doesnt change whether its a noun or verb etc

Pidgin

A simplified contact language made up of two or more languages

pragmatics

Fcous on language as a tool for communication. It looks at how different types of sentences or phrases are used in different contexts or for different purposes

Morphology

Branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure and forms of words. It is concerned with the rules for use of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning in a language

The great vowel shift

Pronunciation of the long vowels in the english language slowly changed. spelling no longer correlated with pronunciation. 15th century

phoneme

smallest unit of speech sound. Throat has 4. th r oa t

Chomsky's theory of universal grammar

children can use pretty good grammar without knowing the rules. innate capacity of children to learn language fast

decoding

The ability to translate the symbols of letters and words into meaningful information

Hypercorrection

When a person who has been corrected for a mistake in usage makes further mistakes in trying to avoid the original error

Acquisition system

Krashen's research. ___ system is the most important and depends on natural meaningful communication in the target language

Old english or anglo saxon

Language developed from the germanic dialects spoken by tribes migrating from northern europe about 500CE

Etymology

word origin

Pragmatic competence

The ability to understand the true meaning or insinuated meaning of an utterance or passage of writing

borrowing

When a speaker switches to his or her first language to use words or phrases for which he or she doesnt know an equivalent in the second language. Result could be spanglish

Negative transfer

When a speaker uses skills from a previously learned behavior or topic but applies it incorrectly to a new one. ex: changing take to taked because of fake to faked

noncount noun

a noun that cannot be divided into parts such as "The furniture"

Cohesion alalysis

A method of analyzing how the parts of a work come together to create the overall effect or convey the message

Semantics

Deals with word meanings, sentence meanings, and contextual understanding for oral/written communication

Affective filter

old middle modern

Three periods of english language

northumbrian mercian west saxon kentish

four major dialects of old english

beowulf

oldest english preserved epic

norman conquest of 1066

course of the english language changed to middle english because of. brought french influences

statute of pleading

1362 ______ made english official language of legal proceedings in england

1476

when did book printing start

dialect

The variation of a language spoken by inhabitants of a particular geographical area

Creolization

when a pidginin language grows until it has native speakers like Creole which was a mix of african and french languages

Linguistics

The systematic study of language in order to find general principles and structures that link human languages. includes many subfields

Syntax

The composition of sentences

Phonology

The sound patterns of words and phrases

Phonetics

The actual properties of speech sounds and non speech sounds. The study of how speech sounds are made and understood

Semantics

The meaning of words

Pragmatics

Language usage in context

Sociolinguistics

language and society

grammar

morphology syntax and phonology are all part of

Atomistic

1800s approach to language. labguage is a collection of speech sounds, words, and gramattical endings

structuralist

Early 20th century approach to linguistics. revolutionized by saussure. views language as a system where each element of sound and meaning is defined by its relation to other elements

generative grammar

chomsky's theory that people share an innate and universal set of linguistic structures which is why young children can learn language so easily.

Universal grammar

Chomsky's concept that is a set of principals that apply to all languages and are unconciously accessible to everyone. similarities due to common needs (such as for water) and common patterns of descent

Transformational grammar

languages have a shared deep structure and a variable surface structure

Grapheme

The equivalent of a phoneme but in written language. the letter opr number of letters that represent a phoneme or sound.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language

Morphemic analysis

recognize prefixes, roots, and suffixes to figure out a word meaning

word family

category of words built around the same part.. must mean similar thingd

Borrowed words

words imported from other langauges

inflectional affix

word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but don't change the meaning of the word. ex. "s" "ed"

derivational affix

alter the meaning of the word by building on the base. ex: "anti" "ation" "ness"

compound sentence

Sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction aka fanboy

complex sentence

sentence with an independent clause and one or more dependent clause. has a subordinator like since, because, after, which, who

pragmatic comeptence

understanding the true meaning of a passage or utterance

Othography

The standardized system for writing words with the proper letters according to accepted rules of usage. includes spelling rules

affective factors

personal qualities like self esteem that help people learn language

acquisition learning hypothesis

Krashen's theory that there are two different systems for lerning language

monitor hypothesis

acquisition and learning are related witht he former being the initiator and the latter being the editor

natural order hypothesis

learning grammar structures always comes in a ___ ___ regardless of age of person learning and first langauge

input hypothesis

concerned with acquisition not learning. second language learner makes progress every time he he hears words over his competene in that language

affective filter hypothesis

affective variables like self esteem play a big role

critical period

childrens ability to learn langage peaks eary childhood

Transfer

When a speaker uses his or her seond language in a way that is semantically appropriate for the first langauage but not the second

Semantic mappingq

when a teacher solicits responses to a word or phrase through a process of brainstorming and free association

Semantic feature analysis

reading comp activity. students use chart to organize

metacognition

self awareness during the reading process

clausal modifier

A clause that acts like an adverb or adjetive and adds detail to the sentence.

ADVERB CLAUSE

the ballerina left the stage BEFORE THE PERFORMANCE ENDED

verb complemenet

the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb. juan considered starting a new job