anatomy term 2 year 1

This set of flashcards covers key vocabulary and concepts related to musculoskeletal anatomy and muscle physiology.

Role of the skeletal system

1. Stability 2. Protection 3. Movement 4. Production of blood cells 5. Storage of minerals.

Axial skeleton

The central core of the human body, comprised of 80 bones that support and protect vital organs.

Appendicular skeleton

The group of bones in the limbs/appendages of the body.

Compact bone

Hard outer layer of bone composed of closely packed collagen fibers.

Trabecular bone

A porous, honeycomb-like bone tissue that makes up the inside of bones.

Sesamoid bones

Small seed-shaped bones found in tendons, serving to prevent friction.

Arthrology

The scientific study of joints.

Synovial joints

Freely moveable joints characterized by a synovial cavity.

Excitation-contraction coupling

Links electrical and mechanical components of muscle contraction.

Resting membrane potential

The membrane's polarized state maintained for action potential to trigger muscle contraction.

Motor unit

A single motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it.

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber, essential for muscle contraction.

Fick's law of diffusion

Describes gas movement across a diffusion barrier, influenced by surface area and partial pressure gradient.

Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve

Graph depicting the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and haemoglobin saturation.

Hypercapnia

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Hypoxia

Decreased oxygen levels below normal values.

Muscle types

Smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary), and skeletal (voluntary).

Action potential

A rapid rise and fall in membrane potential that triggers muscle contraction.

Sliding filament model

Describes the process of muscle contraction where actin slides over myosin resulting in shortening

Isometric contraction

Muscle contraction with no change in length but increased tension.

Aerobic metabolism

The process of producing cellular energy with oxygen.

Anaerobic metabolism

The process of producing cellular energy without oxygen.

Tendon

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Sarcomere

The basic functional unit of a muscle fiber containing the myofilaments.

organisation of the human body

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

body mass index

an appropriate measure of whether someone is over or under weight

mean arterial pressure

the average arterial pressure throughout one cardiac cycle, systole and diastole

factors affecting heart rate

autonomic innervation, hormonal changes, body temperature, and fitness level, age

factors affecting stroke volume

heart size, fitness levels, gender, duration of contraction and the preload and afterload.

FEV1/FVC ratio

the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs, measured by spirometry, a test used to evaluate lung function.

minute ventilation

the volume of gas inhaled and exhaled from a person's lungs in aAbsolute haematocrit from blood volume (mL) minute

Absolute haematocrit from blood volume

measures the volume of red blood cells compared to the total blood volume.

The normal relative hematocrit for men and women

for men is 40 to 54%; for women its 36 to 48%.