Lecture Notes Flashcards: Early American History (Pages 1-3)

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Flashcards in Q&A format covering key terms and concepts from Pages 1–3 notes.

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57 Terms

1
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What is the African slave trade?

Forced transport of Africans to the Americas for labor.

2
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What is the Algonquian?

Native language group along the Atlantic coast.

3
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What is Cahokia?

Large Mississippian trade city near St. Louis with mound structures.

4
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What are Catholic missions (Spanish)?

Settlements to convert Natives to Catholicism.

5
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Who is Christopher Columbus?

Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492.

6
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Who were the Conquistadores?

Spanish conquerors of Native empires.

7
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What is Corn (maize) cultivation?

Key Native crop that supported large civilizations.

8
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What is Encomienda?

Spanish system forcing Natives to labor and pay tribute.

9
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Who are the Iroquois?

Northeastern confederation of tribes with strong alliances.

10
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What does Matrilineal mean?

Descent and inheritance traced through the mother’s line.

11
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Who are the Meso-Americans?

Indigenous peoples of Mexico and Central America.

12
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What are Mestizos?

People of mixed European and Native ancestry.

13
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What is the Pueblo Revolt?

1680 Native uprising that drove out the Spanish in New Mexico.

14
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What is the Racial hierarchy in the Spanish colonies?

Spanish colonial system ranking Europeans highest.

15
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What is Smallpox?

European disease that killed large numbers of Natives.

16
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What is Tenochtitlan?

Aztec capital city in present-day Mexico City.

17
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Who is Anne Hutchinson?

Puritan dissenter banished for challenging church leaders.

18
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What is the Atlantic World?

Network of trade and culture linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

19
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What is Bacon’s Rebellion?

1676 Virginia revolt against Governor Berkeley; exposed class and frontier tensions.

20
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What is the Barbados Slave trade?

Harsh Caribbean plantation system relying on enslaved Africans.

21
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What is the Congregational Church?

Puritan church government where each congregation ruled itself.

22
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What was the Dominion of New England?

1686 royal union of colonies under Edmund Andros; collapsed after Glorious Revolution.

23
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What is the English Caribbean?

Colonies like Barbados focused on sugar and slave labor; influenced the South.

24
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What was the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina?

1669 plan for feudal society; mostly ignored by settlers.

25
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Who are George and Cecilius Calvert?

Lords Baltimore, founders of Maryland as a Catholic refuge.

26
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What was the Glorious Revolution?

1688 overthrow of James II; strengthened Parliament and inspired colonial uprisings.

27
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What is Jamestown?

First permanent English colony (1607); survived with tobacco and Powhatan aid.

28
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Who is John Calvin?

Protestant thinker who taught predestination; shaped Puritan beliefs.

29
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Who is John Smith?

Jamestown leader who imposed order and secured food from Natives.

30
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Who is John Winthrop?

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay; urged 'city upon a hill'.

31
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What was King Philip’s War?

1675–76 war where Natives led by Metacomet fought New England colonists.

32
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What was the Massachusetts Bay Company?

Joint-stock company that founded Puritan Massachusetts in 1630.

33
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What was the Mayflower Compact?

1620 agreement for self-government at Plymouth.

34
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What is Mercantilism?

Economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country.

35
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Who was Metacomet?

Wampanoag chief ('King Philip') who led war against colonists.

36
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What is the Middle Ground?

Areas where Natives and Europeans coexisted and negotiated.

37
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What are the Navigation Acts?

English trade laws enforcing mercantilism on colonies.

38
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What is the Headright System?

Land grant program giving settlers 50 acres per new arrival.

39
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What is New Amsterdam?

Dutch colony on Manhattan; seized by English and renamed New York.

40
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Who is Jacob Leisler?

Led 1689 rebellion in New York after Glorious Revolution; executed.

41
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What is Pennsylvania, founding of?

1681 colony founded by William Penn as Quaker refuge.

42
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Who is James Oglethorpe?

Founder of Georgia; envisioned a buffer colony and debtor refuge.

43
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What was the Pequot War?

1637 conflict where English settlers destroyed the Pequot tribe.

44
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What is Plymouth Plantation?

Pilgrim colony founded in 1620 with Native help.

45
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Who is Powhatan?

Chief who led tribes near Jamestown; sometimes aided colonists.

46
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What were Praying Indians?

Christianized Natives living in missionary towns in New England.

47
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Who were Puritans?

English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England.

48
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Who were Quakers?

Pacifist religious group promoting equality and tolerance.

49
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Who is Roger Williams?

Banished Puritan who founded Rhode Island for religious freedom.

50
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Who was Sir William Berkeley?

Governor of Virginia whose policies sparked Bacon’s Rebellion.

51
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What is Theocracy?

Government controlled by religious leaders, common in Puritan colonies.

52
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What is Tobacco?

Cash crop that saved Virginia’s economy and demanded labor.

53
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What is the Toleration Act?

1649 Maryland law granting Christian religious freedom.

54
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What is the Virginia House of Burgesses?

First elected assembly in America (1619).

55
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Who are the Wampanoags?

Native tribe that allied with Plymouth before King Philip’s War.

56
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Who is William Bradford?

Long-time governor of Plymouth Colony.

57
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Who is William Penn?

Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who promoted tolerance and good Native relations.