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Flashcards in Q&A format covering key terms and concepts from Pages 1–3 notes.
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What is the African slave trade?
Forced transport of Africans to the Americas for labor.
What is the Algonquian?
Native language group along the Atlantic coast.
What is Cahokia?
Large Mississippian trade city near St. Louis with mound structures.
What are Catholic missions (Spanish)?
Settlements to convert Natives to Catholicism.
Who is Christopher Columbus?
Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492.
Who were the Conquistadores?
Spanish conquerors of Native empires.
What is Corn (maize) cultivation?
Key Native crop that supported large civilizations.
What is Encomienda?
Spanish system forcing Natives to labor and pay tribute.
Who are the Iroquois?
Northeastern confederation of tribes with strong alliances.
What does Matrilineal mean?
Descent and inheritance traced through the mother’s line.
Who are the Meso-Americans?
Indigenous peoples of Mexico and Central America.
What are Mestizos?
People of mixed European and Native ancestry.
What is the Pueblo Revolt?
1680 Native uprising that drove out the Spanish in New Mexico.
What is the Racial hierarchy in the Spanish colonies?
Spanish colonial system ranking Europeans highest.
What is Smallpox?
European disease that killed large numbers of Natives.
What is Tenochtitlan?
Aztec capital city in present-day Mexico City.
Who is Anne Hutchinson?
Puritan dissenter banished for challenging church leaders.
What is the Atlantic World?
Network of trade and culture linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What is Bacon’s Rebellion?
1676 Virginia revolt against Governor Berkeley; exposed class and frontier tensions.
What is the Barbados Slave trade?
Harsh Caribbean plantation system relying on enslaved Africans.
What is the Congregational Church?
Puritan church government where each congregation ruled itself.
What was the Dominion of New England?
1686 royal union of colonies under Edmund Andros; collapsed after Glorious Revolution.
What is the English Caribbean?
Colonies like Barbados focused on sugar and slave labor; influenced the South.
What was the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina?
1669 plan for feudal society; mostly ignored by settlers.
Who are George and Cecilius Calvert?
Lords Baltimore, founders of Maryland as a Catholic refuge.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
1688 overthrow of James II; strengthened Parliament and inspired colonial uprisings.
What is Jamestown?
First permanent English colony (1607); survived with tobacco and Powhatan aid.
Who is John Calvin?
Protestant thinker who taught predestination; shaped Puritan beliefs.
Who is John Smith?
Jamestown leader who imposed order and secured food from Natives.
Who is John Winthrop?
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay; urged 'city upon a hill'.
What was King Philip’s War?
1675–76 war where Natives led by Metacomet fought New England colonists.
What was the Massachusetts Bay Company?
Joint-stock company that founded Puritan Massachusetts in 1630.
What was the Mayflower Compact?
1620 agreement for self-government at Plymouth.
What is Mercantilism?
Economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country.
Who was Metacomet?
Wampanoag chief ('King Philip') who led war against colonists.
What is the Middle Ground?
Areas where Natives and Europeans coexisted and negotiated.
What are the Navigation Acts?
English trade laws enforcing mercantilism on colonies.
What is the Headright System?
Land grant program giving settlers 50 acres per new arrival.
What is New Amsterdam?
Dutch colony on Manhattan; seized by English and renamed New York.
Who is Jacob Leisler?
Led 1689 rebellion in New York after Glorious Revolution; executed.
What is Pennsylvania, founding of?
1681 colony founded by William Penn as Quaker refuge.
Who is James Oglethorpe?
Founder of Georgia; envisioned a buffer colony and debtor refuge.
What was the Pequot War?
1637 conflict where English settlers destroyed the Pequot tribe.
What is Plymouth Plantation?
Pilgrim colony founded in 1620 with Native help.
Who is Powhatan?
Chief who led tribes near Jamestown; sometimes aided colonists.
What were Praying Indians?
Christianized Natives living in missionary towns in New England.
Who were Puritans?
English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England.
Who were Quakers?
Pacifist religious group promoting equality and tolerance.
Who is Roger Williams?
Banished Puritan who founded Rhode Island for religious freedom.
Who was Sir William Berkeley?
Governor of Virginia whose policies sparked Bacon’s Rebellion.
What is Theocracy?
Government controlled by religious leaders, common in Puritan colonies.
What is Tobacco?
Cash crop that saved Virginia’s economy and demanded labor.
What is the Toleration Act?
1649 Maryland law granting Christian religious freedom.
What is the Virginia House of Burgesses?
First elected assembly in America (1619).
Who are the Wampanoags?
Native tribe that allied with Plymouth before King Philip’s War.
Who is William Bradford?
Long-time governor of Plymouth Colony.
Who is William Penn?
Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who promoted tolerance and good Native relations.