Dev Bio Cell Determination and Differentiation

CELL DETERMINATION

The process by which an undifferentiated embryonic cell becomes committed to develop into a specific type of cell.

CELL DETERMINATION

It can also be defined as the process by which portions of the genome are selected for different expression in embryonic cells

CELL DETERMINATION

appears to involve the selective activation of certain sets of genes and the inactivation of others

Totipotent

Each cell can develop into a new individual

Pluripotent

Cells can form any (over 200) cell types

Multipotent

Cells differentiated, but can form a number of other tissues

Gene expression

is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is turned intoafunction. This mostly occurs via the transcriptionof RNA molecules that code for proteins or non-codingRNA molecules that serve other functions.

Differential gene expression

The process of ___________ is how cells grow up and determine just what they are going to be.

Diffusion

A nearby cell can produce a ligand that moves into a extracellular matrix and then attaches on to a protein receptor to target cells

Direct Contact

In this second mechanism one cell can interact directly with another cell by using transmembrane protein this stimulates the formation of the signal molecule to the cell

Transmembrane proteins

Controlling signal transmission, transport of nutrients and other soluble molecules and energy conversion across organelles and cells.

Gap junctions

Some cells are connected by gap junctions and the signaling molecules will move from one cell to another via gap junctions

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

These are from the bone marrow and are involved in the production of red and white blood cells as well as the platelets.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Also from the bone marrow, these cells are involved in the production of fat cells, stromal cells as well as a given type of bone cell.

Epithelial Stem Cells

These are progenitor cells and are involved in the production of certain skin cells

Muscle Satellite Cells

These are progenitor cells that contribute to differentiated muscle tissue.

blastocyst

formation of a sphere of cells known as

Transcription factor

has a direct influence on the proteins transcribing the DNA transforming it gradually to operating proteins and other cells

Cytoplasmic Localization

This occurs during the earliest stage of embryo development. Here, the embryo divides without growth and undergoes cleavage divisions that produce blastomeres (separate cells). Each of these cells inherit a given region of the cytoplasm of the original cell that may contain cytoplasmic determinants

blastomeres

separate cells

morula

solid mass of blastomeres

cytoplasmic determinants

may contain mRNA or protein a given state of activation that influence specific development.

Induction

a substance secreted by one group of cells causes changes in the development of another group.

Notch

cells from the tube of neuroepithelium possess a surface receptor known as

Delta

a cell surface molecule known as

Signaling molecules

are molecules that bring messages to cells that help the cell know which activities and processes to perform.

MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION

During the cells multiplication in blastomeres individual cells and group of cells become structurally different from other cells

BEHAVIOURAL DIFFERENTIATION

Although all cells exhibit common basic attributes such as metabolism and irritability special functional capabilities are eventually superposed on these general properties

CHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION

The elaboration and assortment of chemical differences lie in the morphological and behavioural differences that ultimately emerge the acquisition of special biochemical properties by the cells proceeds the appearance of a neural tube, heart.

Undifferentiated adult stem cells

make it possible to continue to form specialized, differentiated cells. In humans, there are high concentrations of these adult stem cells in the skin, brain, and bone marrow.

"induced pluripotent stem cells," or iPS cells.

adult skin cells can be induced to reverse their differentiation process and assume many of the properties of embryonic cells. The resultant cells are known as