1/64
genetics, natural selection, protein synthesis, & ecology
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
dominant
stronger allele, always shows
recessive
weker allele, only show sin homozygous recesisive allele pair
homozygous
same pairing of alleles
heterozugous
different pairing of alleles
genotype
genetic code, allele pairing
phenotype
physical appearnace of an allele/gene
incomplete dominance
not 1 trait is dominate to other; they blend together
codominance
both alleles combine because they are both dominant; spots of both colors
multiple alleles
3+ possible alleles per trait
polygenetic inheritance
multiple genes controlling one trait
sex-linked traits
males either have disease or do not, females can be carriers, have the disease or not; related to sex and X Y chromosomes
Gregor Mendel laws
Law of Independent Assortment & Law of Dominance
Punnett Square
used to predict the probability of phenotypes and genotypes for potential offspring
protein synthesis
process where cells make proteins coded by genetics
transcription
first step in protein synthesis
occurs in the nucleus
main purpose: MAKES DNA → RNA
“language”: nucleotides → mRNA
starts at: Promoter
ends at: Terminator
translation
second step in protein synthesis
occurs in ribosomes
main purpose: mRNA → Proteins
“language”: mRNA → Proteins
starts at: start codon
stops at: stop codon
point mutation
1 nucleotide is affected, still same number of nucleotides in NDA sequence
frameshift mutation
shifts the whole reading of the strand of DNA
chromosomal mutation
mutation that affects all of the chromosomes (extra, missing, or missing part)
4 parts of natural selection
overproduction, variation, selection, and adaption
overproduction
reproduce more than can survive
variation
organisms within populations vary
selection
some organisms survive and reproduce
adaption
genes of the more fit organisms increase
3 types if natural selection graphs
disruptive, stabilizing, and directional
stabalizing
The average phenotype is selected for
directional
One Extreme phenotype is selected for
disruptive
both Extremes phenotype is selected for
4 types of evidence for evolution
biogeography, embryology, homologous structures, vestigial structure, molecular evidence (strongest piece, DNA)
biogeography
study of where organisms live and where their ancestors lived in the past
embryology
study of embryos; comparing development of embryos in different organisms; similarity in development shows common ancestor
homogous structures
similar structure - different function
vestigial structures
had a previous function, but nothing now - left over
molecular evidence
share similar DNA; strongest evidence is DNA!
allopatric
2 populations of the same species become isolated (geographically)
sympatric
2 groups of the same species live in the same geographical location, but do not mate (sterile)
3 types of adaptions
morphological, behavioral, and physiological
morphological
body structures, mimicry, camoflouge
physiological
poison, internal, cellular features
behavioral
sexual selection, hibernation
ecology
study of interactions between different organisms and organisms and their enviornment
abiotic factor
non-living things in an enviornment
biotic factor
living things in an enviornment
biosphere
place on earth where we find life
producers/ autotrophs
make their own food; plants
consumers/ heterotrophs
eat biotic foods (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, scavenger, dertrivore)
ecosystem
communities of organisms and non-living things
communities
different species and populations living in the same area
competition
organisms attempting to use ecological recourses at same time and place
predation
one organism hunts and eats another
symbiosis
any relationship between 2+ different individuals
3 types of symbiosis
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
mutualism
both organisms benefit (++)
commensalism
one benefits, one is unharmed/ neutral (+O)
parasitism
one benefits, one is harmed (+ -)
population
one species living together in defined area
carrying capacity
number of organisms an ecosystem can hold or sustain
density dependent
stops large population from getting any longer (disease, recourses, predators)
density independent
stops population from growing any larger regardless of size (natural disaster, humans)
homeostasis
“to stay the same”
dynamic equillibrium
not static or unchanging but continuous adjustments to constant changes; maintained by feedback systems to remain homeostasis
what are the 2 types if feedback loops
positive and negative
positive feedback
promotes change in the system to push FURTHER away from homeostasis (child birth)
negative feedback
think “N” for “normal”; restores system back to homeostasis
what does kings play chess on fine grain sand mean?
→“kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species”