biology final study guide

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genetics, natural selection, protein synthesis, & ecology

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65 Terms

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dominant

stronger allele, always shows

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recessive

weker allele, only show sin homozygous recesisive allele pair

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homozygous

same pairing of alleles

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heterozugous

different pairing of alleles

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genotype

genetic code, allele pairing

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phenotype

physical appearnace of an allele/gene

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incomplete dominance

not 1 trait is dominate to other; they blend together

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codominance

both alleles combine because they are both dominant; spots of both colors

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multiple alleles

3+ possible alleles per trait

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polygenetic inheritance

multiple genes controlling one trait

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sex-linked traits

males either have disease or do not, females can be carriers, have the disease or not; related to sex and X Y chromosomes

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Gregor Mendel laws

Law of Independent Assortment & Law of Dominance

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Punnett Square

used to predict the probability of phenotypes and genotypes for potential offspring

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protein synthesis

process where cells make proteins coded by genetics

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transcription

first step in protein synthesis

  • occurs in the nucleus

  • main purpose: MAKES DNA → RNA

  • “language”: nucleotides → mRNA

  • starts at: Promoter

  • ends at: Terminator

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translation

second step in protein synthesis

  • occurs in ribosomes

  • main purpose: mRNA → Proteins

  • “language”: mRNA → Proteins

  • starts at: start codon

  • stops at: stop codon

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point mutation

1 nucleotide is affected, still same number of nucleotides in NDA sequence

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frameshift mutation

shifts the whole reading of the strand of DNA

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chromosomal mutation

mutation that affects all of the chromosomes (extra, missing, or missing part)

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4 parts of natural selection

overproduction, variation, selection, and adaption

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overproduction

reproduce more than can survive

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variation

organisms within populations vary

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selection

some organisms survive and reproduce

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adaption

genes of the more fit organisms increase

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3 types if natural selection graphs

disruptive, stabilizing, and directional

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stabalizing

The average phenotype is selected for

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directional

One Extreme phenotype is selected for

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disruptive

both Extremes phenotype is selected for

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4 types of evidence for evolution

biogeography, embryology, homologous structures, vestigial structure, molecular evidence (strongest piece, DNA)

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biogeography

study of where organisms live and where their ancestors lived in the past

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embryology

study of embryos; comparing development of embryos in different organisms; similarity in development shows common ancestor

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homogous structures

similar structure - different function

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vestigial structures

had a previous function, but nothing now - left over

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molecular evidence

share similar DNA; strongest evidence is DNA!

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allopatric

2 populations of the same species become isolated (geographically)

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sympatric

2 groups of the same species live in the same geographical location, but do not mate (sterile)

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3 types of adaptions

morphological, behavioral, and physiological

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morphological

body structures, mimicry, camoflouge

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physiological

poison, internal, cellular features

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behavioral

sexual selection, hibernation

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ecology

study of interactions between different organisms and organisms and their enviornment

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abiotic factor

non-living things in an enviornment

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biotic factor

living things in an enviornment

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biosphere

place on earth where we find life

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producers/ autotrophs

make their own food; plants

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consumers/ heterotrophs

eat biotic foods (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, decomposer, scavenger, dertrivore)

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ecosystem

communities of organisms and non-living things

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communities

different species and populations living in the same area

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competition

organisms attempting to use ecological recourses at same time and place

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predation

one organism hunts and eats another

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symbiosis

any relationship between 2+ different individuals

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3 types of symbiosis

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

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mutualism

both organisms benefit (++)

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commensalism

one benefits, one is unharmed/ neutral (+O)

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parasitism

one benefits, one is harmed (+ -)

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population

one species living together in defined area

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carrying capacity

number of organisms an ecosystem can hold or sustain

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density dependent

stops large population from getting any longer (disease, recourses, predators)

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density independent

stops population from growing any larger regardless of size (natural disaster, humans)

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homeostasis

“to stay the same”

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dynamic equillibrium

not static or unchanging but continuous adjustments to constant changes; maintained by feedback systems to remain homeostasis

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what are the 2 types if feedback loops

positive and negative

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positive feedback

promotes change in the system to push FURTHER away from homeostasis (child birth)

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negative feedback

think “N” for “normal”; restores system back to homeostasis

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what does kings play chess on fine grain sand mean?

→“kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species”