Scientific Method

Scientific Method

A systematic approach used by scientists to investigate and understand the natural world, involving steps such as observation, research, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, conclusion drawing, communication, and further research.

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation or prediction based on limited evidence, which can be tested through experimentation.

Experiment

A controlled procedure designed to test a hypothesis and gather data.

Variable

Any factor or condition that can be changed or manipulated in an experiment.

Independent variable

The variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured or observed as a result of changes in the independent variable.

Control group

The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used as a baseline for comparison.

Experimental group

The group in an experiment that receives the experimental treatment or manipulation of the independent variable.

Replication

The process of repeating an experiment to verify the results and ensure their reliability.

Peer review

The evaluation of scientific work by experts in the same field to ensure its quality and validity.

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of natural phenomena, supported by a large body of evidence and scientific consensus.

Bias

A systematic error or deviation from the true value in data collection or interpretation, often influenced by personal beliefs or preferences.

Ethics

The moral principles and guidelines that govern scientific research, ensuring the protection of human subjects and the responsible use of animals and resources.

Sample size

The number of subjects in a study.

Random sampling

Creating a sample in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Stratified random sampling

Dividing the population into groups (based on categorical differences) and then randomly selecting within the groups.

Random assignment

The process of blindly sorting subjects into the experimental or control (untreated) groups of a study.