LAST SET BIO105 FINAL

Allele frequency

How common an allele is in a population.

Allopatric speciation

Speciation due to geographic separation.

Behavioral isolation

Different mating behaviors prevent reproduction.

Biological species concept

Species are groups that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Bottleneck

Sharp reduction in population size, reducing genetic variation.

Chromosomal rearrangement

Changes in chromosome structure that can lead to reproductive isolation.

Dispersal

Movement of organisms to a new area, potentially causing isolation.

Founder effect

New population started by a few individuals with limited genetic variation.

Gametic isolation

Sperm and egg cannot fuse due to incompatibility.

Gene flow

Movement of alleles between populations.

Gene pool

All alleles present in a population.

Genetic drift

Random changes in allele frequencies.

Genotype frequency

Proportion of a specific genotype in a population.

Habitat differentiation

Populations adapt to different habitats, reducing gene flow.

Habitat isolation

Populations live in different habitats and rarely meet.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Condition where allele frequencies do not change over time.

Large population

Condition in HWE that reduces genetic drift effects.

Mechanical isolation

Physical incompatibility prevents mating.

Migration

Movement of individuals between populations (gene flow).

Mutation

Change in DNA sequence produces new alleles.

Population

Group of individuals of the same species in an area.

Post-zygotic barrier

Reproductive barrier after fertilization.

Pre-zygotic barrier

Reproductive barrier before fertilization.

Random mating

Individuals mate without preference for genotype.

Reduced hybrid fertility

Healthy offspring is sterile or have reduced fertility.

Reduced hybrid viability

Hybrid offspring fail to develop or survive well.

Selection

Process where certain traits increase survival or reproduction.

Sexual selection

Traits increase mating success, not necessarily survival.

Speciation

Formation of new species.

Sympatric speciation

Speciation without geographic separation.

Temporal isolation

Species reproduce at different times.

Vicariance

Geographic barrier forms and splits a population.

Annealing

DNA primers bind (attach) to single-stranded DNA during PCR.

Cloning

Making genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms.

CRISPR

A gene-editing tool that cuts DNA at specific locations for modification.

Denaturation

DNA strands separate by heating during PCR.

Elongation

DNA polymerase extends new DNA strands during PCR.

gRNA

Guide RNA that directs CRISPR to a specific DNA sequence.

PCR

Technique used to amplify (make many copies of) DNA.

Plasmid

Small circular DNA molecule used to carry genes into bacteria.

Recombinant DNA

DNA formed by combining genetic material from different sources.

Restriction enzyme

Protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences.

Restriction site

Specific DNA sequence where a restriction enzyme cuts.

Angiogenesis

Formation of new blood vessels, often used by tumors to grow.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations in cell cycle regulation genes.

Contact inhibition

Normal cells stop dividing when they touch other cells.

Growth factor

Protein that stimulates cell division.

Growth suppressor

Gene/protein that slows or stops cell division.

Hallmarks of cancer

Key characteristics of cancer cells (e.g., uncontrolled growth, avoiding apoptosis, metastasis).

Immortalized cell

Cell that can divide indefinitely.

iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell)

Adult cell reprogrammed to act like a stem cell.

IVF (in vitro fertilization)

Fertilization of egg and sperm outside the body.

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.

Multipotent cell

Stem cell that can become a limited range of cell types.

Oncogene

Mutated gene that promotes uncontrolled cell division.

Pluripotent cell

Stem cell that can become almost any cell type.

Primary cell

Cell taken directly from tissue that has limited divisions.

Specialized cell

Cell with a specific function.

Stem cell

Cell that can self-renew and differentiate into other cell types.

Tumor

Mass of abnormal cells.

Tumor suppressor gene

Gene that prevents uncontrolled cell division.

AIDS

Disease caused by HIV that weakens the immune system.

Capsid

Protein coat that surrounds viral genetic material.

Fusion

Virus merges with host cell membrane to enter the cell.

HIV

Virus that attacks the immune system (T cells).

Integration

Viral DNA is inserted into the host genome.

Lysogenic life cycle

Virus hides in host DNA and replicates without killing the cell immediately.

Lytic life cycle

Virus rapidly reproduces and destroys the host cell.

Reassembly

New viral particles are assembled inside the host cell.

Recognition

Virus attaches to specific receptors on a host cell.

Release

New viruses exit the host cell.

Replication

Viral genetic material is copied inside the host cell.

Reverse transcriptase

Enzyme that converts RNA into DNA.

Reverse transcription

Process of making DNA from RNA.

Unpacking

Viral capsid is removed to release genetic material.

Virus

Non-living infectious particle that requires a host to reproduce.