Biology 8 and 9

Photosynthesis

Process converting sunlight into glucose.

Glucose

Sugar produced during photosynthesis.

Oxygen

Byproduct of photosynthesis released into atmosphere.

ATP

Energy storage molecule in cells.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light.

Thylakoids

Membranes in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate; lower energy than ATP.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.

Autotrophs

Organisms that produce their own food.

Pigments

Molecules that absorb light for photosynthesis.

Carotene

Red and orange pigment in plants.

Stroma

Fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.

NADP+

Electron carrier molecule in photosynthesis.

Light-Dependent Reactions

First stage of photosynthesis generating ATP.

Light-Independent Reactions

Second stage using ATP to synthesize sugars.

Energy

Ability to do work; exists in various forms.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds of molecules.

Active Transport

Movement of ions against concentration gradient using ATP.

Electron Carrier Molecules

Transport highly reactive electrons in cells.

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + O2.

Stoma

Pores on leaves for gas exchange.

Fossil Fuels

Stored energy from ancient photosynthesis.

Energy Loss

Heat and light released during energy transformations.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Uses ATP to transport sodium and potassium ions.

High-Energy Electrons

Electrons energized by absorbed light.

Chloroplasts

Organelles where photosynthesis takes place.

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

Light Wavelengths

Different colors of light absorbed by pigments.

Energy Storage

ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds.

Chlorophyll A

Primary chlorophyll type absorbing specific light wavelengths.

Chlorophyll B

Accessory chlorophyll type aiding in light absorption.

Thylakoid

Saclike membranes in chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

NADPH

Reduced form of NADP+ carrying electrons and H+.

Reactants of Photosynthesis

Water and CO2 converted into sugars and oxygen.

Products of Photosynthesis

High-energy sugars and oxygen produced from reactants.

Photosystems

Clusters of chlorophyll and proteins in thylakoids.

Electron Transport Chain

Series of carriers transporting electrons during ATP generation.

ATP Synthase

Protein allowing H+ ions to form ATP.

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent reactions producing high-energy carbohydrates.

Carbon Fixation

Process of converting CO2 into organic compounds.

High-Energy Sugars

Sugars produced from ATP and NADPH in Calvin Cycle.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Temperature, light intensity, and water availability.

Optimal Temperature for Photosynthesis

Best between 0℃ to 35℃ for enzyme activity.

Oxygen Release

Byproduct of photosynthesis, released into atmosphere.

Water Splitting

Process providing electrons and H+ ions in thylakoids.

Energy Conversion

Light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Electron Carriers

Molecules transferring high-energy electrons to reactions.

Stomata

Pores on leaves for gas exchange.

Water Loss

Reduces or halts photosynthesis in plants.

C4 Plants

Utilize specialized pathways for low CO2 levels.

CAM Plants

Capture CO2 at night to minimize water loss.

Crassulaceae

Family of plants that includes CAM species.

Fermentation

ATP production without oxygen, yielding less energy.

Cellular Respiration

Release of energy from food using oxygen.

Glycolysis

First step in cellular respiration breaking sugars.

Krebs Cycle

Second stage of cellular respiration, producing CO2.

NAD+

Electron carrier converting to NADH in glycolysis.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration pathways requiring oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration pathways not requiring oxygen.

Calorie

Energy needed to raise 1g water by 1°C.

Kilocalorie

Equivalent to 1000 calories, used in food measurement.

Citric Acid

6-carbon molecule produced in the Krebs cycle.

Acetyl-CoA

2-carbon molecule entering the Krebs cycle.

Pyruvic Acid

3-carbon compound produced from glucose in glycolysis.

Lactic Acid

Byproduct of anaerobic respiration causing muscle soreness.

Light-independent Reactions

Photosynthesis reactions occurring without sunlight.

Energy Extraction

Process of obtaining energy from glucose breakdown.

Endosomes

Organelles controlling material entry into cells.

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions in organisms.

Biochemical Adaptations

Changes enabling survival in extreme environments.

Mitochondria

Organelle where ATP is produced in eukaryotes.

Cell Membrane

Site of ATP production in prokaryotes.

Hydrogen Ions (H+)

Build up in intermembrane space, driving ATP synthesis.

ATP Production

Process of converting ADP and phosphate into ATP.

Aerobic Glycolysis

Produces 18 times more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Converts pyruvic acid to alcohol and CO2.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid without CO2.

Quick Energy

Stored ATP and lactic acid ATP for immediate use.

Long-Term Energy

Requires cellular respiration and glycogen stores.

Glycogen

Carbohydrate storing energy for 15-20 minutes.

Heat Release

64% of glucose energy is released as heat.

Exercise Energy Sources

Includes stored ATP, lactic acid, and cellular respiration.

Heavy Breathing

Method to remove lactic acid post-exercise.