QUIZ - Diversity

Which stage in the coming-out process involves the individual integrating their identity into everyday life?

Living openly.

What are the different identity models for Bi-Racial People?

1. Biracial Identity Development (W. S. Carlos Poston). Stages of identity development of biracial people.

2. Continuum of Biracial Identity Model (Kerry Ann Rockquemore and Tracey Laszloffy). Continuum rather than staged model.

3. Resolutions of Biracial Identity Tensions (Maria P. P. Root). Description of possible positive resolutions of biracial identity tensions.

What are the five stages to the Hardiman White Racial Identity Model?

1. Naïveté Stage: Unawareness of race and racism.

2. Acceptance Stage: Belief in equal opportunities, ignoring racism.

3. Resistance Stage: Challenging White superiority.

4. Redefinition Stage: Honest confrontation of biases.

5. Internalization Stage: Comfort with non-racist identity and commitment to social action.

What term describes negative feelings about one’s own LGBT identity due to societal stigma?

Internalized homophobia.

What are the different identity models for People of Color?

1. People of Color Racial Identity Model (William Cross, originally developed as the Nigrescense Model of African American Identity). This framework (referenced by Barbara Burke Tatum in the companion reading) focuses on the process by which African Americans come to understand

their identity.

2. Filipino American Identity Development (Kevin Nadal). This framework focuses on Filipino Americans, highlighting the experience of cultural assimilation/acculturation of a distinct ethnic group.

3. Ethnic Minority Identity Development (John W. Berry). This framework focuses on the experiences of ethnic minorities, particularly immigrants to the U.S.

What event is considered the catalyst for the modern LGBT rights movement?

Stonewall Riots.

What are the five stages of the Latinx/Hispanic Identity Model by Ruiz?

1. Causal Stage: Negative messages about ethnic heritage.

2. Cognitive Stage: Erroneous beliefs about Latinx heritage.

3. Consequence Stage: Shame and rejection of Latinx heritage.

4. Working Through Stage: Reclaiming ethnic identity.

5. Successful Resolution Stage: Acceptance and positive view of one's culture.

Which concept refers to the overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage?

Intersectionality.

What type of microaggression is characterized by explicit derogations such as racial slurs?

Microassaults.

In Cross's Black Identity Model, which stage involves developing a positive and secure Black identity while becoming more flexible and tolerant?

⇥ Pre-Encounter

⇥ Encounter

⇥ Immersion-Emersion

⇥ Internalization

Internalization.

According to Kim's Asian American Identity Model, what is the primary focus of the "Redirection" stage?

Reconnecting with one's Asian American heritage.

What are the give parts of Kim's Asian American Identity Model?

1. Ethnic Awareness: Positive/neutral attitudes toward one's ethnic origin.

2. White Identification: Self-blame and desire to identify with White society.

3. Awakening to Social Political Consciousness: Abandoning identification with White society.

4. Redirection: Renewed connection with Asian American heritage.

5. Incorporation: Positive identity as Asian American, respect for other cultures.

In Ruiz's Latinx/Hispanic Identity Model, which stage is characterized by shame and embarrassment about one's ethnic heritage?

⇥ Causal

⇥ Cognitive

⇥ Consequence

⇥ Successful Resolution

Consequence stage.

What is the first stage in Hardiman’s White Racial Identity Model?

⇥ Naïveté

⇥ Acceptance

⇥ Resistance

⇥ Redefinition

Naïveté stage.

In Helms's White Racial Identity Model, what characterizes the "Disintegration Status"?

Conflict over moral/racial dilemmas.

What are the six parts to Helms White Racial Identity Model?

1. Contact Status: Oblivious to racism.

2. Disintegration Status: Conflict over moral/racial dilemmas.

3. Reintegration Status: Regression to White superiority beliefs.

4. Pseudo-Independent Status: Awareness of minority plights.

5. Immersion/Emersion: Exploration of White identity and racism.

6. Autonomy Status: Acceptance of role in racism, valuing diversity.

What are the five stages of the Cross Black American Racial Identity model?

1. Pre-Encounter: Absorbed many beliefs and values of the dominant white culture, including "white is right" and "black is wrong."

2. Encounter: Forced by event or series of events to acknowledge the impact of racism on one's life and the reality that one cannot be truly white.

3. Immersion/Emersion: Desire to surround oneself with visible symbols of one's racial identity while simultaneously actively avoiding symbols of whiteness.

4. Internalization: Secure in one's own sense of racial identity; pro-black attitudes become more expansive, open, and less defensive; willing to establish meaningful relationships with whites who are respective of one's self-definition.

5. Internalization-Commitement: Found ways to translate one's personal sense of blackness into a plan of action of general sense of commitment to concerns of blacks as a group.

What are the six stages of Poston's Biracial model?

1. Personal Identity: Sense of self unrelated

to ethnic grouping; occurs during childhood.

2. Choice of Group: As a result of multiple

factors, individuals feel pressured to choose

one racial or ethnic group identity over

another.

3. Categorization: Choices influenced by

status of the group, parental influence,

cultural knowledge, appearance.

4. Enmeshment/Denial: Guilt and confusion

about choosing an identity that isn’t fully

expressive of all their cultural influences;

denial of differences between the racial

groupings; possible exploration of the

identities that were not chosen in stages 2

and 3.

5. Appreciation: Of multiple identities.

6. Integration: Sense of wholeness,

integrating multiple identities.

What does the Continuum of Biracial Identity Model by Rockquemore and Laszloffy include?

Does not seek to categorize individuals into a single identity; acknowledges continuum:

- Some people may choose to identify

singularly with one of their identities;

- Some may blend with a primary emphasis on one identity and a secondary emphasis on the other;

- Some may blend two (or more) identities with equal emphasis

What are the six parts of the Filipino American identity model by Nadal?

1. Ethnic Awareness: Neutral or positive feelings about all ethnic groups, including one’s own; little exposure to prejudice.

2. Assimilation to Dominant Culture: Views only whites as positive, negative toward other ethnicities.

3. Social Political Awakening: Negative views toward whites, positive toward other ethnicities.

4. Pan-Ethnic Asian American Consciousness: Partiality toward Asian Americans.

5. Ethnocentric Realization: Views oneself and other communities of color as empowering.

6. Incorporation

What are the four parts of the Ethnic Minority Model by Berry?

1. Assimilation: Valuing the majority culture over one's own culture.

2. Separation: Preserving one's culture while withdrawing from the majority culture.

3. Marginalization: Losing culture contact and identification with one's culture as well as the majority culture.

4. Integration: Valuing and integrating one's culture as well as the majority culture.

What are the parts of the Integrated Model of Racial Identity Development by John and Jay Hoffman?

Conformity (Whites and People of Color)

Both groups initially strive to emulate Whiteness, aligning with dominant cultural norms and seeing themselves as “regular Americans.”

✶ People of Color

Dissonance: Recognize that their race or gender may limit the benefits available to them, leading to confusion and questioning of previously held beliefs.

Immersion: Intense anger about systemic racism and sexism emerges, often leading to withdrawal from dominant culture.

Emersion: Seek belonging within their own racial or gender group, distancing from dominant cultural norms.

Internalization: Accept the complexity of their identity, recognizing that both positive and negative qualities exist within their group, and shift focus to systemic change.

✶ White People

Acceptance: Dismiss or minimize racism, often expecting others to conform to dominant norms.

Resistance: Reject evidence of systemic racism, sometimes embracing the idea of “reverse racism.”

Retreat: Guilt and shame about systemic privilege can lead to distancing from the dominant perspective.

Emergence: Develop a deeper awareness of privilege and begin choosing the type of ally they want to be.

Integrative Awareness (Both)

Individuals move beyond racial identity as a primary self-definition, integrating a broader, more complex understanding of self that values multiple aspects of their identity.

What psychological challenges may accompany the coming-out process for LGB youth?

Peer bullying, family distress, parental rejection, trauma, and body image issues.

What is the difference between sexual orientation and gender identity?

Sexual orientation refers to physical, romantic, and emotional attraction, while gender identity refers to one's internal sense of being male, female, or another gender.

Which term refers to the stress experienced by minority groups due to stigma, prejudice, and discrimination?

Minority stress.

What is a common challenge for transgender youth during adolescence?

The development of secondary sex characteristics that do not align with their gender identity, potentially leading to significant distress.

What is the primary focus of the task force report on gender identity and gender variance?

To develop recommendations for education, training, policy, and research on transgender issues.

What are microaggressions, and how do they affect LGBQ clients?

Subtle, often unconscious forms of discrimination that can negatively impact mental health and the therapeutic relationship.

What is a significant predictor of positive family adjustment following a coming-out disclosure?

Acceptance, emotional well-being, and a healthy family environment.

What unique mental health concerns might affect transgender and gender-diverse children?

Increased rates of anxiety, depression, and behavioral issues, often related to social stigma and rejection.

According to the APA, what is required to provide effective support to transgender clients?

Cultural competence, awareness of gender diversity, and appropriate clinical training.

How do gender norms impact women's reproductive and mental health globally?

They contribute to poor outcomes like unwanted pregnancies, maternal mortality, and higher rates of depression.