Studied by 20 people
Ottoman Military Difficulties
By 1700s, had nowhere to expand and fell behind in tech, losing land too
Janissaries were revolting → Ottomans were losing gov. power
Semi-independent states were forming → loss of revenue
Muhammad Ali
Took Egypt from the Ottomans in 1840s, and almost invaded more if not for the British intervening
Ottoman Economic Difficulties
As trade declined as the focus shifted to the Atlantic Ocean, Ottomans mostly exported raw materials
European manufactures goods replaced ottoman artists
Had to rely on foreign loans → ½ of their revenue went to it, eventually had to accept European capitulations
Sultan Selim II
Ottoman sultan who tried to remodel the army but failed due to violent Janissary retribution
Mahmud II
Following Selim, he reformed Ottoman Empire by:
killing all janissaries and remodeling the army euro-style
system of secondary education and new infrastructure
undermined the ulama
Tanzimat Era
Drawing inspiration from enlightenment of west Europe, reformers lifted capitulations, issued new legal and civil codes, and made free and compulsory education
1840-1870s
Abdül Hamid II
Accidentally made a representative gov. that he later removed
Made lots of educational reforms that led to officials being too smart and disliking the gov
Young Turks
Ottoman group that promoted universal suffrage and hegemony
put in Mehmed V to rule
Russian Military Difficulties
The Crimean War in 1840s exposed Russia’s weakness
Led to Tsar Alex II issuing the Emancipation manifesto to give liberty to serfs in 1860, and the Stolypin Reforms in 1910
both failed and made the poor poorer
Legal Reforms
Zemstvos were made alongside legal reforms that actually worked!
trial by jury, elected justices
Russian Industrialization
Sergei Witte moved Russia into industrialization (trans-siberian railways), however led to horrible working conditions and growing resentment
Russian Repression
Intelligentsia led revolution and promoted socialism, however this was met with censorship and heavy Russification in separatist areas
The Land and Freedom Party
TLFP promoted assassination so The People’s Will killed Alexander II in 1881
The Russian Revolution of 1905
After Bloody Sunday, revolts occurred and despite the creation of the Duma, Romanov power fell
The Opium Wars
Trade was only allowed into China via Cohongs, so the BEIC started an illegal opium trade into china (40k chests/year)
Lin Zexu was appointed to fix it, fucked it up →
1839-1842, British Vs. Chinese
China flopped due to steamboats up the Grand Canal
China signed the treaty of Nanjing which gave Hk to Britain + gave Britain power into Chinese trade
led to other Euro states entering too
tributary states were freed
The Taiping Rebellion
Xiuquan was against the Manchu ruling class and wanted communal economy, so the Taiping rebellion starts after they take Nanjing in 1853
Qing gov. employed chinese and foreign ppl and won in 1864 (20-30m dead)
Qing Reforms
Hundred Days Reform:
Inspired by Qichao, Emperor Guangzu made China into a constitutional monarchy and welcomed foreign influence
Empress Cixi said nope and nullified it
The Boxer Rebellion:
Cixi supported TBR to rid “foreign devils”
killed foreigners and christians and tried to kill embassies, but lost due to shitty tech
Japanese Internal Decline
mass famine and taxation → sad ppl
growing merchant class led to samurai and daimyo being indebted → protested
Despite some reforms, Tokugawa was ineffective
Japanese Foreign Decline
Tokugawa said no trade in 1850s, so US Commodore Perry said fine we’ll just attack you. Japan opened itself up after that one
Agreed to lots of unequal treaties
The sudden foreign intrusion led to people being pissed and revolution. No more Tokugawa :(
Meiji Reforms
Emperor Meiji made mass reforms inspired by Yukichi and Hirobumi
no more daimyo and samurai
new national army
fixed-money tax
rapid industrialization and trade
sold to Zaibatsu
He dropped a constitution that established Diet but gave him most of the power in 1890
with new powers, were able to end unequal treaties
Note 
Flashcard (187)