EARSCI Q1 1ST HALF

astronomy

- study of the universe beyond Earth

- oldest branch 

astrology

- study of stars or constellations to predict the future

meteorology

- study of Earth’s atmosphere, weather, climate

geology

- study of Earth’s history, formation, composition, and process

oceanology

 study of Earth’s ocean

hydrology

 study of the distribution of water and water cycle on Earth

universe

- comprises all the space and time, all matter, energy in it

  - contains 100-200 billion galaxies including the milky way

  - everything

big bang theory

- cosmological model that explains how the universe began

- suggests that the universe started its expansion 13.8 billion years ago due to a gas with high temperature

  - birth of the universe

  - matter dilutes as the universe expands (no new matter is added, it’s just being spread over a larger space

1) cosmic microwave background radiation

2) leftover heat from big bang

3) faint microwave radiation

e vidence of big bang theory

1) does not explain how the universe was created and originated

2) fails to explain how galaxies are formed

drawbacks of big bang

singularity

- area predicted to be in the core of a black hole

  - has high temperature and high density

  - high temperature resulted in the formation of matter and antimatter which was destroyed every time they collide

helium, hydrogen

abundant gases in space

nucleosynthesis

process for the formation of Hydrogen and Helium in the early universe

1) georges henri joseph eduard lemaitre

2) arno penzias and robert wilson

3) edwin powell hubble

proponents of the big bang theory

georges lemaitre

- suggested the idea of an expanding universe

cosmic egg

 a primeval atom 

the universe was first a hot, dense ball or egg that disintegrated 

arno penzias and robert wilson

- discovered microwaves with wavelengths of 7 cm

- Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation

hubble’s law

- states that the world is not static, but expanding

   - the redshift is proportional to the distance of galaxies

   - By observing that more distant galaxies had higher redshifts, meaning they were moving away faster.

   - a law that states that galaxies are retreating from the Milky Way at a speed proportional to their distance

 

red shift

-wavelength between galaxies expand from blue to red

 - a measure of how fast a galaxy is moving away

  - galaxies move towards the red, elongating its difference from other

dark matter

- invisible mass and hypothetical form of matter in space

  - matter that does not interact with light or other EM radiation

  - pulls things together

  - takes up 27% of space

dark energy

- a force accelerating the expansion of the universe

  - pulls things away from each other

  - takes up 68% of space

organic matter

- visible objects in space e.g. stars, galaxies, asteroids

  - takes up 5% of space

galaxy

-large group of stars that make up the universe

  - formed from an immense amount of gas

milky way

- 100,000 L.Y wide

  - 10,000 L.Y thick at the nucleus

  - large spiral galaxy

light year

  - astronomical distance

  - the distance light travels in one year

  = 9.4607x1012 km (6 trillion miles or 9.5 trillion km)

black hole

- place where gravity pulls so much that not even light can get out

event horizon

boundary of a black hole

karl swarzchild

  - German physicist and astronomer

- developed the idea of black holes from Einstein’s relativity equation in 1916

1) stellar mass

2) super massive black hole

3) intermediate mass

4) primordial

types of black hole

stellar mass black hole

- black hole formed by remnants of stars that collapsed under their own gravity

Ex. Cygnus X-1, Gaia-BH3, LMC X-1 and X-3

super massive black hole

- black holes with masses millions or billions of times that of the sun

- black holes in the center of the galaxy

Ex. Sagittarius A, TON 618, Abell 1201, Messier 31

intermediate mass black hole

- with mass between stellar and supermassive 

- rare

- “missing link”

- hundreds to tens of thousands of solar masses

Ex. HLX-1, Omega Centauri, GCIRS 13E

primordial black hole

- a hypothetical black hole

- considered to be formed during the early universe from density fluctuations in the primordial plasma

- dark matter

multiverse

- theoretical concept of an existence of a universe beyond our own

quantum mechanics

- tiny, probalistic world of particles

  - small atoms in space

  - incompatible with General Relativity

general relativity

- talks about vast cosmos and gravity

  - incompatible with Quantum Mechanics 

quantum gravity

- a theory composed of combined concepts in Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

  - scientists are still researching this topic

james webb space telescope

- largest and most powerful telescope of NASA

solar nebula theory

- solar systems originate from vast clouds of gas and dust that flattened 

1) pierre-simon laplace

2) immanuel kant

3) emanuel swedenborg

peoponents of nebular theory

nebula

  - interstellar cloud of gas and dust

  - mostly hydrogen and helium

protostar

- formed as gravity pull gases together into a ball through a process called Accretion

  - when a — undergoes nuclearfusion, it develops into a sun or star

accretion of disks

swirling disks of leftover dust and gas

proto-planets or planetesimal

- how planets are formed

  - matter clumped together 

1) cloud collapse

2) formation of planetesimals

3) growth of planets

steps inthe nebular theory

steady state theory

- universe is eternal and unchanging

- universe has no beginning nor end

- has always been here and will always be present

- always looks the same in any time and space

- new stars and galaxies are formed at the same rate that old ones become unobservable due to distance and recession velocity

1) james hopwood jeans

2) fred hoyle

3) thomas gold

4) hermann bondi

proponents of steady state theory

dynamic equillibrium

- continuous creation of matter to maintain density

perfect cosmological principle

the universe looks the same at all times

quasars

- emits light from billions of years ago and is far away  

   - — should be found near and far if the universe is unchanging

   - violates the PCP 

-drawback of steady state theory

cosmic microwave background radiation

   - light from the Big Bang that has cooled down to microwaves

oscillating theory

- also known as the pulsating theory

- universe goes through expansion and contraction

- a theory combining the Big Bang + Big Crunch

richard tolman

- called the birth of a new universe the Big Bounce

-proponent of oscillating theory

big freeze

  - occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverses, then collapses causing the formation of singularity

  - the universe will eventually use all its energy and freeze

big crunch

  - the universe will one day stop expanding and start to contract, falling inward into a singularity

  - singularity results in a big bang and the birth of a new universe

planetesimal theory

- an intruding star that passed near the sun, collided with the protosun

- describes how the Eath started from a solid mass smaller than its present size

- the matter or filaments torn free condenses into planetesimals

- cooled and condensed to turn into planetesimals

- big planetesimals pulled clumps and got bigger, turning into planets

1) thomas chrowder chamberlin

2) forest ray moulton

proponents of planetesimal theory

filaments

 - sun’s outer gas stretched out in a cigar-shape

gaseous tidal theory

planets form from the gaseous matter pulled from a star when another star passes by

1) harold jeffreys

2) james hopwood jeans

proponents of gaseous tidal theory

tidal forces

- gravitational pull from a star

tidal bulge

  - occurs when two stars encounter

  - detaches due to gravity

  - could possibly form a planet

geocentric theory

  - by Aristotle

  - sun, moon, planets and stars revolve around Earth

heliocentric theory

- by Nicolas Copernicus

  - earth is a planet in motion around the sun

1) comet

2) meteorite

3) meteoroid

4) meteor

5) asteroid

minor members of the universe

comet

- icy body that releases gases as it orbits the sun

asteroid

- rocky body smaller than a planet that orbits the sun 

meteorite

meteor fragment reaches the ground

meteoroid

rocky, metallic fragment of an asteroid, comet, planet

meteor

- streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up on the atmosphere

terrestrial planets

- rocky planets near the sun

1) mercury

2) venus

3) earth

4) mars

terrestrial planets

gas giants

- gaseous planets or outer planets

  - composed mainly of gases like helium and hydrogen

1) jupiter

2) saturn

3) uranus

4) neptune

gas giants

systems

- interconnected components interacting with each other to form a unified whole

1) closed

2) open

types of system

open system

exchange of heat, energy and matter

1) biosphere

2) hydrosphere

3) geosphere

4) atmosphere

earth subsystem

biosphere

- includes all life forms and living organisms

- covers all ecosystems

- covers cycles such as photosynthesis, carbon cycle

hydrosphere

- dynamic mass of water, that is continuously on the move

- covers 70% of Earth

3%

fresh water is — of earth

2/3

ice is — of water

1/3

Streams, lake, groundwater compose — of water

atmosphere

- thin layer of gas that envelopes the Earth’s surface

78% Nitrogen,

21% Oxygen,

0.9% Argon,

0.1% other gases

atmosphere is composed of

geosphere

- solid Earth

- surface to center

- crust, mantle, inner and outer cor

1) troposphere

2) stratosphere

3) mesosphere

4) thermosphere

5) exosphere

layers of the atmosphere

Atmosphere in the Hydrologic Cycle

- serves as the reservoir of large amounts of water

  - efficient medium to move water around the globe

albedo

  - ability of an object to absorb or reflect light

  - value that ranges from 0-1

more reflection of light

high albedo means

more absorption of light

low albedo means

sun

- Earth’s main source of energy

  - powers many of the processes in the planet

earth’s energy budget

- ensures that the absorbed solar radiation is balanced to the radiated ones

1) amount of light colored surface

2) amount of radiation received

3) earth’s axial tilt

4) presence of greenhouse gases

Factors affecting Earth’s energy budget:

saltwater

 - oceans and seas

  - primarily have high salt content

  - 97.5%

freshwater

- zero to very little salt content

  - 2.5%

1) density

2) heat capacity

properties of water

3.98°C

maximum density of water

Water came from comets that collided with Earth

Water was already present within Earth since the formation of volatiles trapped in magma

origin of water

biogeochemical cycles

transfer elements and compounds between the four spheres