LSU HIST 1001 Final Study Guide Dietz

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domus ecclesia

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houses where Christians met for assembly

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domus

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Latin word for house

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313 Terms

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domus ecclesia

houses where Christians met for assembly

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domus

Latin word for house

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ecclesia

Latin word for assembly

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Sacraments

The sacred rites that imparted God's grace to believers

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Baptism and Eucharist

What are the 2 major sacraments during this time?

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Baptism

To fully become a member in the Christian community you had to do this; wiped away previous sins

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Permanent

Confession and forgiveness didn't come till later, so any sin after Baptism was __________

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Eucharist

If one was baptized they could participate in the sharing of the bread called the _______________.

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The body of Christ

Another name for the Eucharist

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Last Supper

The Eucharist is the symbolic reenactment of the ______ ___________

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Perpetua c. 203 CE

Roman matron who had just given birth, but for some reason gets arrested with a group; she is one of the first known martyrs

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Martyrs

Greek word that is a legal term that means witness

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Graves

Christians saw _________ of martyrs as special places to visit

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Alexamenos Graffito

Graffiti from Rome near Circus Maximus that shows a man who is crucified with the head of a horse; There is another man that is positioned with one hand in the air in a pose of acclimation to the man being crucified

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This is a sign that this person does not like Christianity

The words in Greek on the graffiti say that Alexamenos is worshipping his god; This is a sign of what?

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Pax Romana

Roman peace of no civil wars

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End of the Pax Romana

The Romans try to expand during this Pax Romana, but different obstacles keep them from doing so (Sahara Desert, costly fighting to expand [esp. against the Persian empire], cold weather, people [Celtic and Germans in North] not wanting to be conquered, etc.) All of these events symbolize what?

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Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE

One of the last emperors that marks end of Pax Romana. Once he dies, there is no more successful expansion

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Commodus 177-192 CE

Son of Marcus Aurelius who starts spending money left and right on shows and spectacles; To pay the military and pay for the shows he wants to see, he takes money from the people; Probably gets killed by Praetorian guard

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Third Century Crisis

Economic, military, and political crisis starts b/c Rome is not expanding; name this crisis

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Diocletian, 284-305

Came from family of goat hoarders and joined the military; Becomes a great general and eventually an emperor with the military behind him

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Diocletian

Decides that there needs to be a change in Rome and launches a series of reforms

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Enters into a power sharing agreement and dividing the empire in half (creating a western side and eastern side) and selects someone to be co-emperor with him, then divides each half in half and creates a Jr. emperor serving under the head emperor

How does Diocletian divide up the Roman empire?

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Tetrarchy, taxation fixation, and the Great persecution of Christians

What are the reforms that Diocletian starts?

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Tetrarchy

means four-man rule

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Augustus of West, Augustus of East, Caesar of West, Caesar of East

What are the titles given to the Four Tetrarchs that rule Rome?

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Augustus (East and West)

Head ruler of Roman Empire under Tetrarchy

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If the Augustus dies, then the Caesar becomes the next Augustus

What happens if the Augustus dies?

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Military

Each Augustus gets their own _________

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Caesar (East and West)

Jr. ruler in Tetrarchy

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Taxation Fixation

Reform that further subdivides all of the provinces and sets tax rates at a standard level, so everyone could pay a set amount

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Diocletian sees Christianity as an opposite to Roman moral values b/c Christians did not kill so no military soldiers from them which is what they need

How does Diocletian see Christianity?

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The Great Persecution of Christians

This reform issued 303-anti-Christian edicts and later on 304 more edicts.

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Turning over property; No imperial service; Arrest of clergy, no meetings; Forced sacrifice

What were some of the rules listed in some the edicts of the Great Persecution of Christians?

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Constantine, 306-337

His father was a general who became an Augustus of the West with Diocletian

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Constantine

Oldest son of his father that was a general and becomes a Caesar; Eventually becomes an Augustus and begins to have problems with his brother-in-law; Has to march on Rome b/c his brother-in-law usurps him and becomes Augustus while he is away at battle

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Milvian Bridge, 312

Where the battle b/t Maxentius and Constantine takes place; Constantine wins the battle here and kills Maxentius

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Maxentius

Constantine's brother-in-law who usurps Constantine and says that he should be the Augustus

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Chi Rho

Constantine has a vision of this symbol and someone tells him to use this sign to conquer Rome back; Constantine orders his men to paint this on shields, to put on their banners, and everywhere else as their battle symbol

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Edict of Milan, 313

Constantine creates his own edict where all religions will be tolerated in the Roman world, Christians who lost property or positions will be compensated, and from now on the Christian God is the favored god; Shuts down the blood sacrifices and persecutions

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St. Peter's, Rome

Constantine builds a church over Peter's burial tomb

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Holy Sepulcher

Constantine sends his mom to Jerusalem to build a church over the supposed tomb of Jesus called the ______ _________

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Constantinople

Constantine builds this after defeating the other Augustus in battle b/c he decides he like ruling by himself; Founded by Constantine in 324 on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium; Has his senate house there, forum, racetrack, churches, and one special church, the Hagia Sophia

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Hagia Sophia

Constantine's special church that was near the forum and his house

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Hagia Sophia

Church in Constantinople which was burnt down after riots, rebuilt by Justinian

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Means the Holy Wisdom

What does Hagia Sophia mean?

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Burnt Column

Constantine also builds a statue of his self as a sun god in the middle of Rome usually called the "______ ________"

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Council of Nicaea, 325

Constantine creates this b/c many Christians believed many different conflicting facts

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Council of Nicaea

Church council of bishops that took place in the city of Nicaea

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Constantine

On his death bed in 337 he converted and was baptized into Christianity

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Trajan's Column 113 CE

Comic book depiction of all his conquests and victories over German Dacians

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Visigoths

The first Germanic tribe to cross the frontier into the Roman world; Farming, settled people who were elite

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Visigoths (Western goths)

A Germanic tribe displaced by the Huns who originally move to Constantinople but leave after defeating the emperor Valins to make it to North Africa. After a generation they are converted to Christianity, know little of their farming roots, and sack Rome. Eventually acquire the region of Aquitaine in France

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Huns

Nomadic people from Asia who begin attacking Germanic villages forcing them to leave

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Huns

Nomadic tribe that begins to move westward and push Goths out of their area by the Black Sea; B/c they are still moving westward, all of the other Germanic tribes want to cross, too

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Year 410

What year was the Sack of Rome?

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410

In this year, Rome is sacked by the Visigoths marking the first time in almost 800 years Rome is sacked

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Attila, 434-453

Leader of the Huns who was able to conquer a great area of land in the West

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Ostrogoths

A Germanic tribe that tried to fight against the Huns and ended up becoming enslaved b/c they lost

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Battle of Chalons, 451

The Romans ask the Visigoths for help to fight against the Huns and the enslaved Ostrogoths; Where Attila was stopped, and the Romans an Visigoths won; The Ostrogoths were freed and go and conquer Italy

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Little Augustus

What does Augustulus mean?

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Romulus Augustulus, 475-476

Puppet emperor who wasn't really in power b/c the Vandals and Ostrogoths actually had power; The last to be called emperor

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West; East

The ________ of Rome is all divided and conquered by Germans, but the _______ Roman empire is still intact and together

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The Eastern Roman Empire

What is the Byzantine Empire?

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Justinian, 527-565

Eastern Roman emperor who was a traditional, Roman, Christian emperor; Changed the law to where you can marry outside of your class to marry his wife

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Theodora

Circus performer who is married to Justinian

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Justinian

Decides that he wants to reestablish the Roman empire, so he sends invading forces to Spain, Rome, and Carthage; He is successful in Carthage, a little in Spain (the Visigoths still had more power), and a 20-year battle in Italy

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Nika revolt, Jan. 523

One day there was a race, and then there was a fight; Justinian arrested some of the charioteers and said they would be put to death the next day; Suddenly, the crowd becomes angry and instead of fighting each other, they turn against Justinian and a riot breaks out; They are burning down places like the church of Constantine and release the people who were going to get killed

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Sasanian empire

Persian empire becomes __________ empire

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Persians

Start launching very destructive raids where they just start taking goods around 604, but after a while they start taking over cities; 614 Jerusalem and took the cross from their church; 619 Egypt

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Persians

Launches invasions against Byzantine empire after Justinian's death and capture Damascus and Jerusalem

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Heraclius, 610-641

Launches a war against the Persians b/c they keep conquering places; He was able to march all the way to Sasanian and was able to get back a piece of the cross and brought it back to Jerusalem

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Heraclius

New Roman emperor who attacks Persia and returns cross to Jerusalem after the two superpowers are weakened

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Arabia

On a peninsula, dry desert land, lots of trade, the people here lived nomadically

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Mecca and Medina

What were the main trading cities of Arabia?

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Bedouins

Primitive nomads like the Arabs

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Mecca

Emerges as religious center of Islamic world; Place of pilgrimage

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Medina

City of the prophet that was inhabited by tribes of both Arabs and Jews

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Ka'ba

Rectangular stone building of ancient origin called the "cube"; Said to have been placed there by the Hebrew patriarch Abraham

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Ka'ba

A building in Mecca which all Muslims face for prayer

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United

Arabian Peninsula was all tribal and not ________

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Muhammad, 570-632

Was born into the world as a merchant in Arabia; Maybe semi-educated, traveled a lot; He begins to spread the religion of Islam and says tribes do not matter b/c everyone is equal in the eyes of Allah

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Means Highly Praised

What does Muhammad mean?

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Muhammad

He later becomes a judge and a figure politically able to unite all of the Arab people

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Allah

Islamic god

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Qu'ran

Religious book divided into chapters; written in poetic Arabic; Islamic version of the bible; Must be written in Arabic otherwise it is an imitation

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Islam

Strict monotheistic religion where you have a personal relationship with Allah with no intermediaries (priests, nuns, etc.)

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Muslims

Followers of Islam

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Musa

The Islamic name for Moses

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Isa

The Islamic name for Jesus; Maryam became pregnant with the prophet Jesus

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Maryam

The Islamic name for Mary, the mother of God

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Five Pillars of Islam

Actions or beliefs that you must do as a Muslim

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Zakat, Ramadan, Hajj, Salat, and Shahadah

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

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Zakat

Charity tax where if you are a good Muslim you are going to pay an income tax to other Muslims who are less fortunate

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Ramadan

A month long fast during daylight hours unless you are sick or pregnant

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Hajj

A yearly pilgrimage to Mecca; Every Muslim is supposed to do this at least once in their life

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Salat

A prayer that Muslims pray at least 5 set times a day

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Shahadah

A profession of faith where there is no god, but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet; A statement of true monotheism

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Caliphs

They are political successors who were in some way related to Muhammad

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Means successors

What does the word Caliph mean?