domus ecclesia
houses where Christians met for assembly
domus
Latin word for house
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domus ecclesia
houses where Christians met for assembly
domus
Latin word for house
ecclesia
Latin word for assembly
Sacraments
The sacred rites that imparted God's grace to believers
Baptism and Eucharist
What are the 2 major sacraments during this time?
Baptism
To fully become a member in the Christian community you had to do this; wiped away previous sins
Permanent
Confession and forgiveness didn't come till later, so any sin after Baptism was __________
Eucharist
If one was baptized they could participate in the sharing of the bread called the _______________.
The body of Christ
Another name for the Eucharist
Last Supper
The Eucharist is the symbolic reenactment of the ______ ___________
Perpetua c. 203 CE
Roman matron who had just given birth, but for some reason gets arrested with a group; she is one of the first known martyrs
Martyrs
Greek word that is a legal term that means witness
Graves
Christians saw _________ of martyrs as special places to visit
Alexamenos Graffito
Graffiti from Rome near Circus Maximus that shows a man who is crucified with the head of a horse; There is another man that is positioned with one hand in the air in a pose of acclimation to the man being crucified
This is a sign that this person does not like Christianity
The words in Greek on the graffiti say that Alexamenos is worshipping his god; This is a sign of what?
Pax Romana
Roman peace of no civil wars
End of the Pax Romana
The Romans try to expand during this Pax Romana, but different obstacles keep them from doing so (Sahara Desert, costly fighting to expand [esp. against the Persian empire], cold weather, people [Celtic and Germans in North] not wanting to be conquered, etc.) All of these events symbolize what?
Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE
One of the last emperors that marks end of Pax Romana. Once he dies, there is no more successful expansion
Commodus 177-192 CE
Son of Marcus Aurelius who starts spending money left and right on shows and spectacles; To pay the military and pay for the shows he wants to see, he takes money from the people; Probably gets killed by Praetorian guard
Third Century Crisis
Economic, military, and political crisis starts b/c Rome is not expanding; name this crisis
Diocletian, 284-305
Came from family of goat hoarders and joined the military; Becomes a great general and eventually an emperor with the military behind him
Diocletian
Decides that there needs to be a change in Rome and launches a series of reforms
Enters into a power sharing agreement and dividing the empire in half (creating a western side and eastern side) and selects someone to be co-emperor with him, then divides each half in half and creates a Jr. emperor serving under the head emperor
How does Diocletian divide up the Roman empire?
Tetrarchy, taxation fixation, and the Great persecution of Christians
What are the reforms that Diocletian starts?
Tetrarchy
means four-man rule
Augustus of West, Augustus of East, Caesar of West, Caesar of East
What are the titles given to the Four Tetrarchs that rule Rome?
Augustus (East and West)
Head ruler of Roman Empire under Tetrarchy
If the Augustus dies, then the Caesar becomes the next Augustus
What happens if the Augustus dies?
Military
Each Augustus gets their own _________
Caesar (East and West)
Jr. ruler in Tetrarchy
Taxation Fixation
Reform that further subdivides all of the provinces and sets tax rates at a standard level, so everyone could pay a set amount
Diocletian sees Christianity as an opposite to Roman moral values b/c Christians did not kill so no military soldiers from them which is what they need
How does Diocletian see Christianity?
The Great Persecution of Christians
This reform issued 303-anti-Christian edicts and later on 304 more edicts.
Turning over property; No imperial service; Arrest of clergy, no meetings; Forced sacrifice
What were some of the rules listed in some the edicts of the Great Persecution of Christians?
Constantine, 306-337
His father was a general who became an Augustus of the West with Diocletian
Constantine
Oldest son of his father that was a general and becomes a Caesar; Eventually becomes an Augustus and begins to have problems with his brother-in-law; Has to march on Rome b/c his brother-in-law usurps him and becomes Augustus while he is away at battle
Milvian Bridge, 312
Where the battle b/t Maxentius and Constantine takes place; Constantine wins the battle here and kills Maxentius
Maxentius
Constantine's brother-in-law who usurps Constantine and says that he should be the Augustus
Chi Rho
Constantine has a vision of this symbol and someone tells him to use this sign to conquer Rome back; Constantine orders his men to paint this on shields, to put on their banners, and everywhere else as their battle symbol
Edict of Milan, 313
Constantine creates his own edict where all religions will be tolerated in the Roman world, Christians who lost property or positions will be compensated, and from now on the Christian God is the favored god; Shuts down the blood sacrifices and persecutions
St. Peter's, Rome
Constantine builds a church over Peter's burial tomb
Holy Sepulcher
Constantine sends his mom to Jerusalem to build a church over the supposed tomb of Jesus called the ______ _________
Constantinople
Constantine builds this after defeating the other Augustus in battle b/c he decides he like ruling by himself; Founded by Constantine in 324 on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium; Has his senate house there, forum, racetrack, churches, and one special church, the Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia
Constantine's special church that was near the forum and his house
Hagia Sophia
Church in Constantinople which was burnt down after riots, rebuilt by Justinian
Means the Holy Wisdom
What does Hagia Sophia mean?
Burnt Column
Constantine also builds a statue of his self as a sun god in the middle of Rome usually called the "______ ________"
Council of Nicaea, 325
Constantine creates this b/c many Christians believed many different conflicting facts
Council of Nicaea
Church council of bishops that took place in the city of Nicaea
Constantine
On his death bed in 337 he converted and was baptized into Christianity
Trajan's Column 113 CE
Comic book depiction of all his conquests and victories over German Dacians
Visigoths
The first Germanic tribe to cross the frontier into the Roman world; Farming, settled people who were elite
Visigoths (Western goths)
A Germanic tribe displaced by the Huns who originally move to Constantinople but leave after defeating the emperor Valins to make it to North Africa. After a generation they are converted to Christianity, know little of their farming roots, and sack Rome. Eventually acquire the region of Aquitaine in France
Huns
Nomadic people from Asia who begin attacking Germanic villages forcing them to leave
Huns
Nomadic tribe that begins to move westward and push Goths out of their area by the Black Sea; B/c they are still moving westward, all of the other Germanic tribes want to cross, too
Year 410
What year was the Sack of Rome?
410
In this year, Rome is sacked by the Visigoths marking the first time in almost 800 years Rome is sacked
Attila, 434-453
Leader of the Huns who was able to conquer a great area of land in the West
Ostrogoths
A Germanic tribe that tried to fight against the Huns and ended up becoming enslaved b/c they lost
Battle of Chalons, 451
The Romans ask the Visigoths for help to fight against the Huns and the enslaved Ostrogoths; Where Attila was stopped, and the Romans an Visigoths won; The Ostrogoths were freed and go and conquer Italy
Little Augustus
What does Augustulus mean?
Romulus Augustulus, 475-476
Puppet emperor who wasn't really in power b/c the Vandals and Ostrogoths actually had power; The last to be called emperor
West; East
The ________ of Rome is all divided and conquered by Germans, but the _______ Roman empire is still intact and together
The Eastern Roman Empire
What is the Byzantine Empire?
Justinian, 527-565
Eastern Roman emperor who was a traditional, Roman, Christian emperor; Changed the law to where you can marry outside of your class to marry his wife
Theodora
Circus performer who is married to Justinian
Justinian
Decides that he wants to reestablish the Roman empire, so he sends invading forces to Spain, Rome, and Carthage; He is successful in Carthage, a little in Spain (the Visigoths still had more power), and a 20-year battle in Italy
Nika revolt, Jan. 523
One day there was a race, and then there was a fight; Justinian arrested some of the charioteers and said they would be put to death the next day; Suddenly, the crowd becomes angry and instead of fighting each other, they turn against Justinian and a riot breaks out; They are burning down places like the church of Constantine and release the people who were going to get killed
Sasanian empire
Persian empire becomes __________ empire
Persians
Start launching very destructive raids where they just start taking goods around 604, but after a while they start taking over cities; 614 Jerusalem and took the cross from their church; 619 Egypt
Persians
Launches invasions against Byzantine empire after Justinian's death and capture Damascus and Jerusalem
Heraclius, 610-641
Launches a war against the Persians b/c they keep conquering places; He was able to march all the way to Sasanian and was able to get back a piece of the cross and brought it back to Jerusalem
Heraclius
New Roman emperor who attacks Persia and returns cross to Jerusalem after the two superpowers are weakened
Arabia
On a peninsula, dry desert land, lots of trade, the people here lived nomadically
Mecca and Medina
What were the main trading cities of Arabia?
Bedouins
Primitive nomads like the Arabs
Mecca
Emerges as religious center of Islamic world; Place of pilgrimage
Medina
City of the prophet that was inhabited by tribes of both Arabs and Jews
Ka'ba
Rectangular stone building of ancient origin called the "cube"; Said to have been placed there by the Hebrew patriarch Abraham
Ka'ba
A building in Mecca which all Muslims face for prayer
United
Arabian Peninsula was all tribal and not ________
Muhammad, 570-632
Was born into the world as a merchant in Arabia; Maybe semi-educated, traveled a lot; He begins to spread the religion of Islam and says tribes do not matter b/c everyone is equal in the eyes of Allah
Means Highly Praised
What does Muhammad mean?
Muhammad
He later becomes a judge and a figure politically able to unite all of the Arab people
Allah
Islamic god
Qu'ran
Religious book divided into chapters; written in poetic Arabic; Islamic version of the bible; Must be written in Arabic otherwise it is an imitation
Islam
Strict monotheistic religion where you have a personal relationship with Allah with no intermediaries (priests, nuns, etc.)
Muslims
Followers of Islam
Musa
The Islamic name for Moses
Isa
The Islamic name for Jesus; Maryam became pregnant with the prophet Jesus
Maryam
The Islamic name for Mary, the mother of God
Five Pillars of Islam
Actions or beliefs that you must do as a Muslim
Zakat, Ramadan, Hajj, Salat, and Shahadah
What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
Zakat
Charity tax where if you are a good Muslim you are going to pay an income tax to other Muslims who are less fortunate
Ramadan
A month long fast during daylight hours unless you are sick or pregnant
Hajj
A yearly pilgrimage to Mecca; Every Muslim is supposed to do this at least once in their life
Salat
A prayer that Muslims pray at least 5 set times a day
Shahadah
A profession of faith where there is no god, but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet; A statement of true monotheism
Caliphs
They are political successors who were in some way related to Muhammad
Means successors
What does the word Caliph mean?