ANSC 4406 exam 4

what is the mechanism of stomach and intestinal parasites?

• usually the primary health condition affecting sheep and goats

• worms pierce the lining of abomasum and either sucks blood or competes for nutrients

• obtain stomach worms from grazing

• more of an issue in wet, humid environments

what is the Haemonchus contortus?

• internal parasite

• also known as the Barberpole worm

• anemia, failure to thrive, bottle jaw

• treat with dewormers

what is Ostertagia ostertagi?

• brown stomach worm

• not as much as an issue in sheep and goats

• treatment is anthelmintics

what are lung worms?

• not very common

• more SE US, west Texas

• wet, low-lying pastures and cool damp weather favor lungworm development

• eggs are passed in feces and then ingested, travel through tissues into the lungs

• only severe cases cause clinical disease causing infection, fever, coughing, rapid breathing and poor performance

what are tape worms?

• worms that find home in the intestines

• large number can occupy small intestine

• less damage done by that of a stomach worm

• can cause intestinal blockage in extreme cases and contribute to overeating disease

• lamb growth rate can be affected

what are flukes?

• internal parasite

• cause death in sheep by liver damage

• leech nutrients from host

• require snails as intermediate hosts

• treat with Clorsulon or Albendazole

what is coccidia?

• single cell protozoa damaging the lining of the small intestines

• host specific

• warm wet environments and sometimes stress triggers coccidiosis

• diarrhea, dehydration, fever, weight loss

• treat with Corid or Amprolium

what is coccidiosis?

• from protozoa coccidia

• usually seen in confinement

• contagious and causes scours

• could cause rectal prolapse

• prevent by feeding Decox in feed

• drench with Corid or mass treat through water

what are the methods of deworming?

• drench

  • easy, non-invasive, good dosing, no needle

• in feed

  • safeguard, more expensive, can be inaccurate dosing since dependent on ingestion

• in water

• injection

  • ivermectin

• pour on

  • not for sheep and goats, in cattle

what are the 3 classes of anthelmintics?

• benzimidazoles

  • “white wormers”

  • safeguard (same chem and company as panacure)

  • panacure

  • valbazen- little stronger

• imidazothiazoles

  • levisol

  • tramisol

  • rumatel- hard to find

• macrolides

  • ivomec

  • cydectin

rotate through different types to prevent immunity

what is good parasite management?

• good drainage for no standing water

• prevent overstocking pastures

• clean and rested pastures for lambs

• don’t feed on ground

• provide adequate nutrition for all livestock

what is the genetic control aspect of parasite prevention?

• different breeds have better resistance

• hair sheep have most noticeable resistance

what is callipyge?

• genetic mutation in sheep resulting in extreme muscling

• first found in a ram in Oklahoma

• all callipyge sheep can find linage from said ram

what does callipyge mean?

beautiful buttocks

how does the callipyge trait present in the case of genetics?

if gene is from ewe, will lay dormant

if gene is from ram, will present

how does the callipyge gene affect performance?

• lambs were born in normal size and appearance

• no difference in lamb size or dystocia

• expression @ 40 days of age

• similar ADG

• feed intake was reduced in callipyge lambs

• feed efficiency was improved by a pound in callipyge lambs

• reduced wool production

how does the callipyge gene affect carcasses?

• 5-10% increase in dressing percentage

• 30% increase in muscle mass

• decrease in subq and seam fat

• increase in muscle size in loin and rear limb

• no increase in front limb muscles

• loin had tougher muscle and was more variable

what are the primary predators in the US?

• dog

• coyotes

• fox

• bobcats

• feral hogs

• mountain lions

• bears

• eagles

• humans

how are dogs predators?

kill for sport, no real reason other than enjoyment, mostly near urban areas

how are coyotes predators?

most common consuming predators, kill for food

how are foxes predators?

mainly kill young lambs, typically only go for the ones small enough to be taken down without help

how are bobcats predators?

mainly kill young lambs

how are feral hogs predators?

mainly kill young lambs, very dangerous for people

how are mountain lions predators?

region specific, go and kill for food

how are bears predators?

region specific, go and kill for food

how are eagles predators?

steal young lambs and kill them, can be problematic due to federal protections

how are humans predators?

theft of livestock

what are some ways to control predators?

• herder

  • expensive and only good for large herds

• guard animal (dog, llama, donkey)

  • good option for most

  • place directly with animals after wean from mother to build familial bond with herd

  • dog may be 50/50 due to tendency to wander, too many predators, potential violence to humans due to perceived threat

• penning at night and during lambing

• trapping

• hunting

• poison

• fences

what is the most common predator?

dog and coyote

*death loss of 25-40% in lamb and kid crops

what is the first kind of enterotoxemia?

overeating disease, 3 types

• type D

  • most common, Clostridium perfringens

  • animal can’t cope with extreme bacterial growth from eating concentrate

  • sheep becomes uncomfortable, progresses to convulsions, coma, and then death

  • prevent with 2 shot vaccine, allow 10 days for significant immunity

  • if caught early, treat with large dose of antibiotics

what is the second kind of enterotoxemia?

overeating disease, 3 types

• type C

  • hemorrhagic enterotoxemia- bloody scours

  • less common, lambs 1-3 weeks old

  • lambs stop eating and are bloated

  • prevent by vaccinating ewes which pass immunity to lambs a month before lambing

  • booster improves lamb and ewe immune system

what is the third kind of enterotoxemia?

overeating disease, 3 types

• type B

  • lamb dysentery- runny yellow scours

  • birth-2 weeks

  • treat ewe and she transmits immunity

what is tetanus?

• clostridium tetani

• enters through wound, causes muscle contraction and no relaxation (tetany)

• death of heart attack of suffocation

• if symptoms are shown, its too late

• toxoid = vaccine

• antitoxin = if exposed, inject for short term prevention

• CDT- 2 shot vaccination for type C&D (overeating and tetanus)

what is soremouth?

• viral disease that’s highly contagious

• orally transmitted from sheep to sheep

• scabs and sores on mouth, lips, eyes and udders

• death comes from secondary infections

• prevent with modified live virus in ear or with natural immunity

• no cure, gotta wait it out ~2 weeks typically

what is polyarthritis?

• stiff lamb disease

• stiffness, soreness, inflammation in joints

• due to chlamydia

• stiffness will loosen with exercise

• treat with oxytetracycline: 3-5 ccs for 3 days

what is salmonellosis?

• watery green diarrhea which causes dehydration

• gut damage

• usually in lambs, but can cause abortions in ewes

• can be carried by pests (mice and pigeons)

• can be confused with coccidiosis

• keep fed and hydrated to treat

what is shipping fever?

• respiratory problems

• stress, dust, weather, changes

• presents as cough, runny nose, elevated temp, froth, and death

• no single treatment is effective against all organisms

• prompt treatment is essential, figure out antibiotic to use since some will be useless

• prevent by having better conditions and less stress

what is urinary calculi?

• stones formed in bladder preventing urination

• sheep doesnt feel good and lays down by itself, urine leaks around penis

• almost always in males

• prevent by formulating calcium to phosphorus ratio 2:1 (2.5:1 in goats)

• if caught early enough, can drench with ammonium chloride and massage through

• must pass stone or amputate urethra

what is white muscle disease?

• loss of muscle function, deterioration of skeletal muscle

• can be in baby lambs or adult sheep

• deficiency in vit E or selenium

• treat with Bo-Se product for selenium injection

• injection is best but can be added to feed or fed an oral gel

what is blue tongue?

• carried by gnats

• lame with swollen head, tongue and face swells, death occurs from inability to breathe

• vaccinate with mod live virus, but DO NOT vaccinate pregnant ewes bc of lamb deformities

• treat with anti-inflammatory and keep out of sun

what is rectal prolapse?

• high concentrate diet at end of feeding phase

• associated with coughing since cough pushes out rectum

• prevent by not letting them cough

• treat with iodine to form scar tissue or amputate

  • inject iodine in free space around rectum to cause scar tissue to hold rectum in place

  • let entire rectum come out, band close to body and wait for dead rectum to fall off

• can also place back in and sew it up, treat it early and prevent it from getting worse

• most common in blackface sheep

what is epididymitis?

• caused by Brucella ovis

• inflammation of the epididymis

• swollen testicles, might have knots, advanced stages will have hard lumps from calcium deposits

• contagious, blood test to check for infection

• no treatment, must cull ram

• can vaccinate but must have records

• remove ewe to shed bacteria during dry season, depopulate rams

what is sheath rot?

• not contagious

• results from excretion of protein

• scalding adn scabs arounf penis, reduction of sexual behavior

• prevent by not feeding too much protein

• treat with antibiotic ointment to treat scabs

what is ulcerative dermatosis?

• contagious virus

• similar to sore mouth

• ulcers on lips, legs and genitals

• let run its course ~2-3 weeks

what is ketosis?

• pregnancy disease, twin lamb disease

• affects ewes with twins or triplets in last 1-2 weeks of gestation due to poor nutrition

• weakness, inability to get up, blindness, coma, death

• prevent by feeding more calories

• treat with glucose

what is milk fever?

• happens late gestation or early lactation

• weakness, lethargy, similar to ketosis, hypocalcemia

• prevent by supplementing with higher levels of calcium or limestone in diet

• treat with calcium dextrose or calcium glucanate

• *higher producing ewes are more likely to contract

what is grass tetany?

• malabsorption of magnesium from fertilized forage

• excitable and rapid breathing

• prevent by getting more magnesium in the body with mineral block

• treat with magnesium sulfate (inject or drench)

what is listeriosis?

• “circling disease”, caused by spoiled silage

• swelling of brain, perceived blindness, abortions

• prevent by preventing silage from spoiling

• no treatment

what is vibrosis?

• caused by camphylobacter

• asymptomatic, ewe aborts dead lamb 1 month before birth

• can be ingested or transmitted sexually

• test fetus and placenta to determine organism

• prevent with 2 shot injection prior to breeding season, immune if infected previously

• vaccinate and treat with oxytetracycline to limit abortions

• *affects 25% of ewes

what is EAE?

• enzootic abortion

• caused by protozoa, only 1-2% of flock get it

• late gestation

• young ewes can receive immunity from older ewes

• vaccination is expensive ($7-8 per head)

• usually not enough losses to justify vaccinating

what is mastitis?

• caused by several organisms

• sore, red, inflamed udder, hungry lambs

• don’t let lambs nurse

• 2 types

  • non-gangrenous

    • most common

    • hard, swollen udder

    • clotted milk or bloody with pus

    • treat with antibiotics

  • gangrenous

    • dying tissue

    • very sick with high temp

    • hard, swollen udder that becomes cold and dies, sloughs off

    • produces orphans due to inability to nurse by ewe

• higher incidence in confinement

what is OPP?

• ovine progressive pneumonia

• lunger disease

• wasting away due to reduced respiratory function

• old ewes- 100% mortality

• cannot cure or prevent

• eliminate infected and their offspring

what is johne’s?

• paratuberculosis

• caused by mycobacterium

• persistent diarrhea, weight loss, death

• acquired early in life as lambs, not symptomatic until later

• affects dairy cattle most

what is foot rot?

• high rainfall, muddy unsanitary conditions

• contagious, loss of condition, lesions and sores on feet

• trim and soak feet, treat every 3 days, several treatments are needed

• keep isolated for a month or 2

what is vaginal prolapse?

• end of gestation

• recurring problem

• cull ewes that have problem

• prevent by putting in bearing retainer (spoon)

what is bloat?

• air or foam that accumulates in the rumen

• typically comes from grazing alfalfa

• unable to get rid of gas, suffocation and death follow

• treat with stomach tube or puncture left side to release gas, 6-8 oz of mineral oil will settle foam

what is spider-lamb?

• recessive disease

• spinal column and long bone deformities

• started in Suffolk sheep, can be in any breed now

• homozygous recessive only

• genetic testing is available

what is scrapie?

• present in GB 200+ yrs ago

• caused by prion

• neurodegenerative disease similar to Mad Cow, buy sheep from clean flocks

• itch and scratch, affect movement, most likely from dam to offspring

• no treatment or prevention

• RR= resistant, QR= resistant, QQ= susceptible