Biology 1408 Lab Practical 2

Diffusion

Net passive movement of particles from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

Isotonic

The concentrates of the solutes is equal.

Hypertonic

The solution has a higher solution concentration than the other.

Hypotonic

The solution has a lower solute concentration than the other.

Selective Permeability

Some particles, ions, or water can cross the membrane.

Diffusion increases as the temperature increases

What effect does temperature have on the diffusion of molecules?

37 C

Which will migrate faster: molecules at room temperature or 37 C?

Smaller molecules moves faster than larger ones

What effect does molecular size have on the diffusion of molecules?

511 Daltons

Which migrates slower: a molecule that weighs 294 Daltons or a molecule that weighs 511 Daltons?

Smaller Circle

If 2 circles of dye are shown on a plate, which had a higher molecular weight: the bigger circle or the smaller circle?

Refrigerator

If we wanted them to move slower, should I place them in an oven or refrigerator?

higher, lower

______ concentrations of water are associated with ____ concentrations of solutes.

Hypertonic

Out of the bag

out of the bag

When a bag of 10% solute is placed in a beaker of 45% solute, the solution in the beaker was called? Which directions did the water flow? If we then poured a spoonful of salt into the beaker, which direction would the water flow?

Isotonic

In and out at equal rates

out of the bag

When a bag of 30% solute was placed in a beaker of 30% solute, the solution in the beaker was called? Which direction did the water flow? If we then poured a spoonful of salt into the beaker, which direction would the water flow?

Hypotonic

When we weighed one of the bags, we saw that it gained weight after being placed in the beaker. This means that the beaker contained a __ solution.

Size and charge

What quality of the molecules determines if they pass through a semi-permeable membrane?

Sodium Chloride

What is salt called?

Silver Nitrate

Milky white precipitate

clear

Positive

We used ___ ___ to determine if the chloride ions were able to pass through the membrane. A positive result would be? A negative result would be? What was the result?

Barium Chloride

White Precipitate

Clear

Positive

Unable to determine from info

The bag also contained Sodium Sulfate. We sued __ __ to determine if the sulfate ions were able to pass through the membrane. A positive result was? A negative result was? What was the result? Does this mean the Chloride ions were bigger or smaller than sulfate ions?

reducing sugar

Benedict's reagent

Brown

Blue

Positive

The bag also contained glucose. Glucose is a ___ ___ and we can use ____ ____ to determine if the glucose was able to pass through the membrane. A positive result looked? A negative result looked? What was the result?

Larger

Starch and Protein are both formed by the chains of molecules. This means they are ___ than the other molecules tested.

Less

Starch and Protein are both formed by the chains of molecules. This means they are ____ likely to pass out of the bag.

Protein

purple

blue

negative

Biruet reagent was used to determine the presence of what?A positive result looked? A negative result looked? What was result?

Iodine

very dark blue/ black

Orange/ brown

Negative

We tested for the presence of starch using ___. A positive result looked? A negative result looked? What was the result?

Starch, Protein, Glucose, Sulfate ions, Chloride ions

Put these molecules in order from largest to smallest: glucose, sulfate ions, protein, chloride ions, starch

No, too big

Would you expect Sucrose to be able to cross out of the bag? why?

No, each was individual of others

Did having mixture of the molecules have any effect on their ability to diffuse or not diffuse through membrane? why?

Shriveled

hypertonic

When we mixed sheep blood with a solution that was 10% NaCl, the cells ____ because the solution was ____.

remained the same

isotonic

When we mixed sheep blood with a solution that was 0.9% NaCl, the cells ___ because the solution was ___.

Hypotonic

burst

We could not see any cells under the microscope after they were mixed with 0.45% NaCl because the solution was ___ causing the cells to ____

shriveled

Hypertonic solution

pressed against cell walls

Plant cells look ___ in isotonic solution?

Enzyme

protein that acts as a catalyst to lower the activation energy needed for reactions to progress in the cells

substrate

the reactants of the reaction that is/are bound by the enzyme

Activation energy

The min amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

active site

a region of the enzyme where binding to substrate occurs.

Protein denaturation

process of forcing a protein to lose its structure and in most cases its functionality

Specificity

The ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrate from a group of similar chemical molecules

Cofactor

non-protein molecules or ions that bind to proteins

Chelate

a chemical compound that binds with metal ions

Lactas

Lactose

Glucose

Galactose

The main enzyme used in lab was ___ which breaks ____ into its products ___ and ____.

pH

temperature

The activity of every enzyme is affected by environmental factors such as ___ and ___.

denatures

What happens to proteins at high temperature?

No, not proteins

If we added a chemical that could break down Carbs would we expect to see a change in enzyme activity?

Enzyme Specificity

When the enzyme breaks down one substrate more than the other.

EDTA

Cofactors

____ was added to remove metal ions that may function as ___ for our enzyme.

decrease

If these metal ions were needed for lactase, we would have seen a ____ in the amount of glucose produced.

Aerobic

Has O2

Anaerobic

Has no O2

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Qualitative

Measuring the color, appearance of something

Quantitative

Measuring the numerical value

Mitochondria

In eukaryotes, respiration is primarily carried out in a cellular organelle known as ___

decreases

As the size of the animal increases the metabolic rate ___.

mL of O2/ hr/ g

What is the unit used to calculate oxygen consumption?

KOH Pellats

absorb CO2

Quantitative

When measuring the oxygen consumption of the rat on the computer program, what was the white substance on the bottom of the cage? Why was it there? Was the experiment qualitative or quantitative?

CO2

became acidic turned yellow

denature proteins

The gas produced from black eyed peas is ____. When the gas was released through phenol red, what happened? What was purpose of boiling peas?

If peas were boiled

CO2

Qualitative

What was the independent variable in the black eyed pea experiment? Dependent? Qualitative or Quantitative?

Ethanol and CO2

CO2

What are the products of fermentation? Which one did we measure in yeast?

No

No

Solution

CO2

Quantitative

Can yeast breakdown starch directly into glucose? did we see the products produced in the tube with 1% starch? Independent variable? Dependent? Qualitative or Quantitative?

Photosynthesis

process by which plants acquire energy and convert it into chemical energy

Chloroplasts

The entire process of photosynthesis is carried out in the?

Stored glucose from starch

Where do the plant cells get energy at night?

Iodine

no color change due to no starch

amount of light

starch present

Qualitative

What chemical did we use to determine which leaves were covered from light? what happened? independent variable? dependent variable? Qualitative or Quantitative?

Glycogen in liver or fat throughout body

Where do humans store extra additional nutrients and carbs in their bodies?

transmitted

absorbed

The colors perceived are the wavelengths of light ___ by an object instead of ____.

less, longer

Red wavelengths travel with ____ energy, their wavelengths are _____ than purple.

Chromatography

What process did we use in the lab to separate the pigments on spinach?

least

top

higher

slow

(Spinach) The pigments that are ____ soluble move up the paper fastest. The more hydrophobic ones will end up at the ___ of the paper. Hydrophilic molecules have ____ affinity for the paper so their movement is ____.

Carotene

Xanthophyll

Chlorophyl a

Chlorophyl b

Chromotography results pigment colors from top to bottom:

Metaphase plate

mitotic spindles

During metaphase, the chromosomes line up along a region of the cell called the ____ before being pulled apart by ___ during anaphase.

Cytokensis

Special process during Tellophase

clevage furrow

structure during telophase

body, 2, identical, diploid

Mitosis of a (body or gamete), a diploid cell becomes (1, 2, 3, 4) (unique or identical) (haploid or diploid) cells.

gamete, 4, unique, haploid

Meiosis of (body or gamete) cell, a diploid cell becomes (1, 2, 3, 4) (unique or identical) (haploid or diploid) cells.

Interphase

At what part of the cell cycle are we likely to see the first set?

S phase or interphase

When does replication step occur?

Metaphase I

At what stage would the pair on the right split apart?

Metaphase II

At what point would the 2 sides of the X split?

24

48 chromosomes, how many are in gamete cell?

transcription

producing RNA from DNA template?

translation

creating protein from RNA template?

Banana

meat tenderizer

soap solution

Ethanol

For the DNA extraction experiment what were the combined ingredients?

Meat Tenderizer

DNA extraction experiment: A protease that breaks down proteins?

Soap Solution

DNA extraction experiment: The emulsifier that disrupts the lipid membrane

Banana

DNA extraction experiment: cells that provided the DNA

Ethanol

DNA extraction experiment: Gives a way to visualize the DNA

White strands mixed with small bubbles

DNA extraction experiment: what did the DNA look like?

fragments of DNA

What do the bands on the gel represent?

0-

What blood type can be a universal donor?

AB+

What blood type is able to accept transfusion from any blood type?

Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction in which a single organism divides into two identical daughter cells.

Interphase

What phase of cell division is shown

Prophase

What phase of cell division is shown

Metaphase

What phase of cell division is shown

Anaphase

What phase of cell division is shown

Telophase

What phase of cell division is shown

Cytokinesis

What phase of cell division is shown

Glucose and oxygen

Products of photosynthesis