Power and authority in the modern world

Which article of the treaty of versailies meant germany had to accept full guilt for WW1

article 231

How much money did the TOV state germany had to pay in reparations

Approx 6.6B great british pounds

What territorial concessions had to be made from the TOV

loss of alsace-lorriane, it was given back to the French

what limitations were placed on the german military via the TOV

Germany was only allowed to have 100,000 soldiers, no tanks and no airforces, and were only prohibited to have 6 battleship

What were the conditions of the Treaty of saint-germain (austria)

Austria was required to give up land, and dissolved the Hasburg empire. Furthermore, Austria was forbidden from uniting with Germany

What was the impact of the treaty of Saint-Germain

a reshaping of central europe by creating new nations and shrinking Austria’s territory, as well as the forced inclusion of large-german speaking populations under foreign rule, causing instability, and also Austria had to accept guilt for the war

Treaty of Neuilly-Sur-Seine

Required bulgaria to give up land to greece, and it’s army was limited to just 20,000 soldiers, and also required to play 100 million pounds in reparations, but this was reduced and later cancellled

Treaty of trianon (hungary)

signed in june 1920, and lost 70% of their pre-war territory, and their army was limited to 35,000 soldiers, and limitations also placed on weaponry that could be used

Treaty of Sevres 

signed august 10 1920, and officially broke up the ottoman empire, by ceeding territory to greece, but the treaty was annuled in november of 1933, and replaced with the treaty of Lausanne

liberal democracy

A form of democratic government where liberal freedoms (ex: freedom of the press and religion) are protected 

authoritarian

favouring strict obedience to authority: a term normally associated with dictatorships, where the authority of the govenrment is not to be questioned

Role of Benito Mussolini in establishing a fascist regime in italy

Mussolini established fascist party in 1919, and gained full power adter the march of rome

Conditions that gave rise to an italian dictatorship

economic and social instability, even before the war, and after the war, there were 2mill unemployed, along with a significant decline in the country’s GDP

living conditions under the fascist dictatorship in Italy

Strong penal code, a secret police and prohibition of all oppression, along with censorship 

Conditions leading to a dictatorship in Japan

Japan was on the allied side during ww1, and gained some of Gemrany’s colonial possessions, but was overall dissatisfied with it’s outcomes. Additionally, Japan suffered greatly during the great depression, and as a result people started looking to extremist political regimes

Role of general Tojo in creating the japanese dictatorship

General Tojo rose in the army quickly, during a period of tension between the army and the governent, and quickly became a symbol of the highly militaristic nationalism movement

The manchurian crisis

in 1931, following the explosion of a japanese railroad from Manchuria to Muckden, Japan use this explosion as a way to control the region, and colonise china 

ideology of the italian facist regime

Emphasis on national rebirth, and anti-communist and ant-liberal policies, instead incorprating corpratist polices, as well as territorial expansionism

ideology of the japanese dictatorship

as opposed to Russia, Japan was more influence by conservative ideas. Additionally, the emperor of japan was at the heart of the ideology, and irrational fanaticisim was encouraged

Freikorps

German right wing millitia units largely composed of veterans

Volksgemeinschaft

german people’s community: the racially pure German state imagined by the Nazi party

article 48

enabled the president to rule by decree and implement laws without the support of the Reichstag

Volkisch

nationalist, racialist and populist political and cultural movements prevalent in germany from the late 19th century

Lebensraum

the idea of the acquisition of land for german hegemony in eastern europe

Ebert-Groener Pact

signed 10th November 1918 in an effort to prevent a communist revolution

Weaknesses of the Weimar: proportional representation

meant that parties obtained Reichstag seats in direct proportion to the votes - led to no party having an overall majority and making it difficult for laws to be passed - weak and unstable coalitions

Role of Gustaf Streissman

Weimar politician and chancelleor of gemrany, and was crucial in securing the Dawes plan. The chancellor from august to nov of 1923, and ended hyperinflation

Dawes plan

American loans to germany, and a scaling-back of the money Germany owed in reparations 

What happened in september of 1926

Germany became a full member of the united nations

what was the impact of the Great depression on the Weimar republic

The Dawes plan collapsed, and the ‘golden years’ of Weimar ended as well

Beerhall Putsch

a failed 1923 coup by Hitler and the Nazi party in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar republic

Fuherprinzip

Meaning leader, and Hitler determined himself as this

Role of the great depression in Hitler’s rise to power

The great depression ends the stability of the golden years, and people become polarised towards extremist political parties, and Hitler’s promises give people hope for stability

when did Hitler join the german workers / nazi party

joined in 1920, and quickly became a key figure

What was the percentage of votes gained by the Nazi part in 1932

37% of the votes went to the Nazi party in 1932, and won the largest amount of seats in the Reichstag

when did Hitler become appointed chancellor

30th January 1933

Reichstat fire

In 1933, the house of parliament burnt down, and Hitler used this to spread fear of a communist uprising in Germany

What were some key moves made by Hitler in 1933

He abolishes freedom of the press, and the first anti-Jewish laws are passed, and he disbands all other political parties

What happened on the 30th of june 1934

the night of long knives, where leaders of the SA paramilitary branch of the Nazi party were arrested on Hitler’s orders

what happened on august 2nd 1934

President Hinderberg dies, and Hitler then declares himself the ‘Fuher” (supreme leader)

How was racial superiority included in Nazi ideology

there was a racial hierachy, for example slavic people were low and French people were high. However jewish people were seen as an anti-race, and were seen as dangerous creatures in seemingly human forms 

Volkisch

The idea that all German people belonged to one group

What was the 25 point programme

The Nazi party platform, delivered by Hitler at a Nazi meeting

point 8 of the 25 point programme

Any further immigration of non-citizens prohibited

point 4 of the 25 point programme

only a member of the Aryan race can be a citizen

Who is this 

Joseph Gobbels

what was Joseph Gobbels role in the Nazi party

Minister of propoganda and public enlightenment, and ran a newspaper discussing anticommunism, antisemitism and Hitler’s dictatorship

Who is this

Julius Streicher

what role did Julius Streicher play in the Nazi party

Established the anti-semetic newspaper “Der Sturmer” and also took part in Hitler’s Putsch. However, Streicher was eventually removed from the party due to individuals complaining about his psychotic behaviour and sexual charges against him.

Who is this

Hermann Goring

what was Hermann Goring’s role in the Nazi Party

Leader of the Nazi paramillitary group involved in the beer hall Putsch, (the SA), and created the first concentration camps

who is this

Henrich Himmler

what was Heinrich Himmler’s role in the Nazi party

Leader of the SS from 1929-1945, commander of the bavarian political police and created the first concentration camp at Dachau 

Who is this

Reinhard Heydrich

what was Reinahrd Heydrich’s role in the Nazi party

SS general who helped the Nazi party through action such as arresting thousands of Jewish people on Kristallnacht, and head of the Reich security central office. Heydrich was also one of the architects of the final solution.

who is this 

Leni Riefenstahl

what was Leni Riefenstahl’s role in the Nazi party

Created propoganda films, including ‘triumph of the will’ and ‘olympiade’ and put them within the education situation so that german children could learn about Hitler’s ‘Bravery’ during WW1’ 

Who is this 

Albert Speer

What was Albert Speer’s role in the Nazi party

Personal architect for Hitler, and was named minister of arnaments and munitions in 1942. Additionally, Speer used millions of forced labourers to raise economic production

What was the decree of the protection of the people and the ri