Unit 6 Ap Human Geography

influences on urbanization

changes in
-transportation
-communication
-population growth
-migration
-economic development
-government policies

situation

the location of a place relative to other places (what is it near)
ex:located near shipping routes (Hong Kong, Singapore)

qualitative data

from field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change.
-maps show ethnicity of neighborhoods and other characteristics like predominant gender

quantitative data

about a city's population is provided by census and survey data and provides information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas
-with this data from the census, lawmakers can create maps to look at residential and racial segregation

site

the actual physical qualities of a place
ex: valley, mountains

megacity

City with more than 10 million people found increasingly in periphery and semi periphery
ex: Paris, Sao Paulo

meta-city

a large city with over 20 million people and found increasingly in the periphery and semi-periphery
ex: Beijing, tokyo

Ecumene

A variety of of community types with a range of population densities.

suburbanization

the transformation of large areas of rural land to urban uses

edge city

a concentration of residential and economic (business, shopping, entertainment) activity located in the suburbs

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

a central city of at least 50,000 people and urban areas linked to it.

exurb

a residential area beyond the suburbs, often in more rural areas

boomburbs

large, rapidly growing, incorporated communities of more than 100,000 residents that are not the biggest city in their region.

Borchert's transportation model

a model that describes urban growth based on transportation technology

world city

a city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets. (Tokyo, Paris, New York City)

network

a system of interconnected people or things e.g. transportation, communication, financial, governmental

urban hierarchy

ranking urban settlements by: population size and economic function

rank size rule

the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
if the largest city in a country contained 1 million citizens then:
2nd largest city would contain 500,000 (1 million/2)
3rd largest city would contain 333,333 (1 million/3)
4th largest city would contain 250,000 (1 million/4)

primate city

an urban area that dominates its country's economy, culture, and political affairs and is more than twice the population of the next largest city.
ex: London, Paris, Bangkok

gravity model

interaction of places based on their population, sizes, and distances between them

Christaller's Central Place Theory

explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists.

low order central place functions

are used by consumers on a regular/daily basis and as a result, people are not willing to travel for to use them
ex: Walgreens, gas station, grocery store

high order central place functions

are used less frequently by consumers and as a result, people are willing to travel further for it
ex: baseball games, football games, hospitals

threshold

The \# of people required o support businesses

range

the distance people will travel to acquire a good

Burgess Concentric Zone Model (E.W. Burgess 1923)

divides the city into 5 concentric zones defined by their function, centered around the CBD.

Hoyt Sector Model (Home Hoyt 1939)

zones expanded outward from the city center along transportation corridors creating a wedge shape. As growth occurs, similar activities stay in the same area and extend outward.

Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model-
Chauncey Harris and E.L. Ullman (1945)

for developed countries and large expanding cities. The CBD is scattered into several nodes, with transportation hubs near industries and airports. Low income housing is found near workers while high income housing is found in elite districts

Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)
updated `model` by Chauncey Harris (1997)

consists of an inner city, surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas and tied together by transportation nodes (edge cities)

Latin American City Model (Griffin Ford 1980)

attempting to generalize Latin American cities. Mall, spine, disamenity zone, etc.

### Southeast Asian City Model (McGee 1967)

several cities in southeast asia share certain aspects of land use: old colonial port zone surrounded by a commerical business district, western commercial zone, alien commercial zone, no formal CBD, hybrid sectors and zones growing rapidly new industrial parks on the outskirts of the city.

Bid rent theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Sub-Saharan African City Model (de Blij)

fast growing cities with three CBDs: colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and market CBD. The quality of residence gets poorer the farther from the CBDs. Lacks elite, middle class, or gentrification zones which shows a lack of development.

housing discrimination

The illegal practice of denying an individual or group the right to buy or rent a home based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability or family status.

redlining

discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominately white neighborhoods

blockbusting

a real estate technique used to encourage people to sell their property at a very low price by giving the impression that the neighborhood was changing for the worse, especially in reference to minorities moving in and led to a significant turnover in housing which benefited real estate agents and led to the "white flight" to the suburbs

affordable housing

housing that people on low/limited income are able to afford to buy or rent

environmental injustice

disproportionate exposure to communities of color and the poor to pollution and its effects on health and the environment; includes inadequate access to healthy food, transportation, unsafe neighborhoods with poor water and air quality.

disamenity zone

area located within the city characterized by slums and the homeless and in extreme cases are controlled by gangs or drug lords

slow growth cities

slowing a citys growth to limit the problems associated with grwoth and improve sustainability.

land tenure

system regulating the rights to ownership and control and usage of land

inclusionary zoning

planning ordinances that provide affordable housing to people with low to moderate incomes

urban renewal

the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums

gentrification

the restoration of deteriorated urban areas by wealthier (mostly middle-income) people who move into, renovate, and restore housing and sometimes businesses

functional fragmentation of government

refers to the way governmental institutions are dispersed between many local agencies including state, county, city and neighborhood levels

urban sustainability

the idea that a city can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs in terms of economic, environmental and social impact

medium density housing

townhomes, single unit housing

low density housing

residential homes, lots of open space fewest people per geographic unit (suburbs)

high density housing

high rises, most people per unit (cities). Land is more expensive in these areas and causes people to b more crammed into smaller apartments.

sustainable development

meeting human development goals while sustaining the natural systems that provide the natural resources upon which the economy and society depend

zoning

the practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use

mixed land use

land development that blends a combination of residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and/or industrial uses

smart growth policies

urban planning that avoids urban sprawl and focuses on long term implications with sustainable design initiatives and guides development into more convenient patterns and into areas where infrastructure allows growth to be sustained over the long term

new urbanism

walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces

socioculture patterns

-low income live closer to work/CBD
- middle and upper class move away from CBD as they can afford transportation
-suburbs (white)
-CBD (diverse)

brown fields

abandoned industrial sites that are contaminated to the point that new development is curtailed

ecological footprint

how many resources consume and how much waste we produce faster than the world can handle

infilling

The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land.

Megalopolis

a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together

micropolitan areas

population between 10,000-50,000 people. Smaller city, and surrounding towns/counties

infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.