504 lesson 10-12

object questions. Which ambitious student wants to excel in the study of global history?
yes/no questions. Did Hannah have the complete security of knowing that she excelled in swimming?
subject questions. What kind of intensive training helps an ordinary athlete excel in international sports?

excel (ek sel') be better than; do better than

questions with preposition. Which formal event did your sister decide to look highly feminine for?
Past simple. Aunt Sarah confidently gave the feminine viewpoint during the serious family debate.
PRESENT SIMPLE . He feels deeply ashamed to cry because people might think he is behaving in a feminine manner.

feminine (fem' ə nin) of women or girls

PRESENT CONTINUOUS . The brave congressman is mounting the platform to make an urgent speech.
PRESENT PERFECT. The careful watchman has already mounted the tower to see the surrounding vicinity.
Narrative tenses . While she was trying to mount the horse, the instructor suddenly gave her a tiny pony.

mount (mount) get up on

present perfect and past simple. The former champion has accepted the challenge, but he competed poorly yesterday.
Past Continuous. The young runner was reluctant while he was competing in front of his proud parents.
Past perfect. Before the amateur turned into a professional, he had always competed against much stronger men.

compete (kəm pēt') try hard to get something wanted by others; be a rival

Present Perfect + for / since . The poor student has dreaded going to that strict school for many months.
May / Might / Will. I will certainly dread going into that dark, deserted house alone tonight.
used to. The young soldier used to feel a dread sensation about the complex challenge he faced.

dread (dred) look forward to with fear; fear greatly; causing great fear

use to. Did his long thick beard use to make him look incredibly masculine in the past?
Purpose, Cause and Result. The boy practiced heavy bodyweight training in order to look more masculine as he got older.
Relative clause.. The young man, whose masculine ways were liked by everyone, successfully joined the local police.

masculine (mas' kyū lin) of man; male

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. His complete lack of respect represents a regular behavior that makes him a menace to parents.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES . The violent torrents of rain, which were a menace to the crops, ruined the harvest.
too / too much / too many / enough / very. The sergeant's raw language was a very obvious menace to the entire department.

menace (men' is) threat

Comparatives / Superlatives. My new algebra teacher has a much stronger tendency to forget names than the previous one.
Articles (a / an / the / no article). The clear tendency in all human beings is to try to survive dangerous situations.
present passive /past passive. A bad tendency to work hard only in the morning was noticed by the manager.

tendency (ten' den sē) leaning; movement in a certain direction

present perfect + just/yet/already . The proud boxer has just admitted that he underestimated the power in his rival's frame.
real conditionals + if/when. If the strict boss underestimates his employee's ability, the total production decreases rapidly.
Reported Speech. The real estate agent reported that the actual value of our house was underestimated by thousands of dollars.

underestimate (un dər es' tə māt) set too low a value, amount, or rate

Hypothetical conditionals. If the sports team played in New Jersey, they would be victorious two years in a row.
ZERO CONDITIONAL. When an athlete faces a challenge with a bad attitude, they rarely emerge victorious.
FIRST CONDITIONAL. If our girls' volleyball squad practices daily, they will be victorious over the taller team.

victorious (vik tô' rē əs) having won a victory; conquering

SECOND CONDITIONAL. If the famous movie critics didn't review numerous films, they wouldn't write weekly columns.
THIRD CONDITIONAL. If the debater hadn't gathered numerous documents, he wouldn't have backed up his statements.
Cleft sentence. It was during numerous house calls that Dr. Fischer resisted accepting money from the poor woman.

numerous (nōō' mər əs) very many; several

ACTIVE voice. The clever boy easily bent the flexible plastic toy without causing any structural damage.
PASSIVE voice. A highly flexible body is possessed by the small mouse to squeeze through narrow openings.
ACTIVE voice vs PASSIVE voice. Nick remained flexible during the debate, while all arguments were carefully analyzed by him.

flexible (flek' sə bəl) easily bent; willing to yield

object questions. Which important piece of evidence will the jury evaluate before voting tomorrow morning?
yes/no questions. Did the careless teacher ignore the clear evidence that Simon had cheated on the test?
subject questions. What kind of official award can serve as evidence that Leona excels in dancing?

evidence (ev' ə dəns) that which makes clear the truth or falsehood of something

questions with preposition. Which dark concrete cell was the angry convict placed in a solitary manner in?
Past simple. Sid's strange, solitary manner effectively kept him from making any new friendships at the university.
PRESENT SIMPLE . There is not a solitary piece of evidence to show that Manuel ate the cheesecake.

solitary (sal' ə ter ē) alone; single; only

PRESENT CONTINUOUS . The specialized binoculars are improving my vision enough to see the entire beautiful vicinity.
PRESENT PERFECT. Ted has always possessed perfect vision, which helps him be a great baseball player.
Narrative tenses . While Irma was driving her car, she suddenly realized that her nearsighted vision needed correction.

vision (vizh' ən) power of seeing; sense of sight

present perfect and past simple. The young family has made frequent visits to the hospital, but they stayed home yesterday.
Past Continuous. Sam was feeling extremely tired while he was falling asleep on frequent occasions in class.
Past perfect. Before the doctor prescribed these special pills, I had suffered from frequent, painful headaches.

frequent (frē' kwint) happening often; occurring repeatedly

Present Perfect + for / since . We have just caught our first short glimpse of the beautiful rocky shoreline.
May / Might / Will. One quick glimpse of the feminine vision will instantly tell Romeo that he loves Juliet.
used to. The massive green shrubs used to keep us from getting a glimpse of our neighbors.

glimpse (glimps) a short, quick view

use to. Did the conservative Board of Education use to provide all necessary evidence at the recent meetings?
Purpose, Cause and Result. The scientific committee published recent studies in order to analyze the rising unemployment rates.
Relative clause.. The old silent movies, which Bessie liked much better than recent ones, are kept in the archive.

recent (rē' sənt) done, made, or occurring not long ago

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. The wealthy company owner ended a generous practice that lasted for a full decade.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES . The populated city, which many people moved out of in the last decade, is changing.
too / too much / too many / enough / very. The optimistic young politician has a very bright vision for the next decade.

decade (dek' ād) ten years

Comparatives / Superlatives. Nora felt much more hesitant to accept the difficult challenge than her experienced companion did.
Articles (a / an / the / no article). When the brave detective reached the robbers' vicinity, he hesitated for a brief moment.
present passive /past passive. An old wise proverb about a man who hesitates was quoted by our teacher yesterday.

hesitate (hez' ə tāt) fail to act quickly; be undecided

present perfect + just/yet/already . The flabby boy has already realized that the friendly suggestion to diet is not absurd.
real conditionals + if/when. If you underestimate the absolute importance of regular reading, your academic progress looks absurd.
Reported Speech. The judge said that it was completely absurd to believe the fisherman's tall tale about the monster.

absurd (ab sẻrd') plainly not true or sensible; foolish

Hypothetical conditionals. If our opinions were in total conflict with the records, the manager would check the data.
ZERO CONDITIONAL. When a noisy conflict occurs between aggressive players, the referee stops the game immediately.
FIRST CONDITIONAL. If the class mediation team intervenes right now, they will easily settle the intense conflict.

conflict (kan' flikt) direct opposition; disagreement

SECOND CONDITIONAL. If a small minority of the neighborhood didn't oppose the project, we would build a new park.
THIRD CONDITIONAL. If a minority of our athletes hadn't competed well, they wouldn't have been victorious.
Cleft sentence. It is in the United States where Native Americans represent a distinct minority group.

minority (mə nôr' ə tē) smaller number or part; less than half

ACTIVE voice. Marge deeply enjoys reading complex works of fiction rather than boring true historical stories.
PASSIVE voice. A false story about the president's sudden death was quickly exposed as fiction by the press.
ACTIVE voice vs PASSIVE voice. We rarely believed Vinny, while everything he said was considered fiction by us.

fiction (fik' shən) that which is imagined or made up

object questions. Which tiny mechanical spark plug will ignite the large automobile engine tomorrow morning?
yes/no questions. Did a careless remark accidentally ignite a fierce conflict between the brothers and sisters?
subject questions. What kind of dangerous chemical element can ignite an entire green forest within minutes?

ignite (ig nīt') set on fire

questions with preposition. Which ancient legal system did the progressive government successfully abolish the death penalty in?
Past simple. The local school completely abolished stressful final exams to reduce the students' anxiety last semester.
PRESENT SIMPLE . We usually abolish numerous old laws that do not serve any practical purpose in this decade.

abolish (ə bäl' ish) do away with completely; put an end to

PRESENT CONTINUOUS . Many international commercial businesses are opening large corporate offices in urban areas now.
PRESENT PERFECT. The young urban planner has recently exchanged his noisy city location for a peaceful rural one.
Narrative tenses . While they were traveling across the country, they noticed that a minority lived far from urban areas.

urban (ėr' bən) of or having to do with cities or towns

present perfect and past simple. The population of Honduras has decreased, but the recent floods occurred last month.
Past Continuous. The population of the world was increasing rapidly while scientists were studying resource management.
Past perfect. Before the new decade started, China had always possessed the largest population in the world.

population (pop ū lā' shən) people of a city or country

Present Perfect + for / since . The honest candidate has always been completely frank with his loyal supporters.
May / Might / Will. You will never underestimate his professional value if he is perfectly frank with you.
used to. People used to like Duffy because they knew he would always be frank with them.

frank (frangk) free in expressing one's real thoughts, opinions, or feelings; not hiding what is in one's mind

use to. Did industrial chemical waste use to pollute the Atlantic Ocean to a dangerous degree?
Purpose, Cause and Result. The local environmental agency gathered evidence in order to show that the air is polluted.
Relative clause.. The drinking water, which certain aggressive soap powders easily pollute, must be thoroughly filtered.

pollute (pə lōōt') make dirty

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES. The military leader agreed to reveal the secret information that interested the entire population.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES . The automotive company, which revealed the technical defects reluctantly, recalled the vehicles.
too / too much / too many / enough / very. The hidden evidence was revealed very quickly after hours of intensive police questioning.

reveal (ri vēl') make known

Comparatives / Superlatives. The strict new law prohibits financial fraud much more effectively than the old regulation did.
Articles (a / an / the / no article). The protective homeowners explicitly prohibit an outsider from walking on their private property.
present passive /past passive. Elvin was strictly prohibited from appearing on television by his corporate manager last week.

prohibit (prō' hib' it) forbid by law or authority

present perfect + just/yet/already . The school principal has just called an urgent meeting to solve the numerical problems.
real conditionals + if/when. When the experienced lifeguard hears an urgent cry for help, he does not hesitate.
Reported Speech. The secretary reported that an urgent telephone call was made to the company's treasurer.

urgent (ėr' jənt) demanding immediate action or attention; important

Hypothetical conditionals. If the lazy landlord decreased our monthly rent, we would stay here much longer.
ZERO CONDITIONAL. When a dog receives an adequate amount of fresh food, it stays healthy and active.
FIRST CONDITIONAL. If you secure a small bedroom and a clean kitchen, that will be adequate shelter for your needs.

adequate (ad' ə kwit) as much as is needed; fully sufficient

SECOND CONDITIONAL. If the store owner didn't decrease his prices, he would not improve his weekly business.
THIRD CONDITIONAL. If he hadn't spent his money so carelessly, his total savings wouldn't have decreased so fast.
Cleft sentence. It was to improve his declining retail business that the store owner decreased his prices.

decrease (di krēs') make or become less

ACTIVE voice. The drill sergeant's loud commands were always easily audible to the entire military squad.
PASSIVE voice. The teacher's quiet voice was barely audible from across the large university classroom.
ACTIVE voice vs PASSIVE voice. My telephone calls became audible, while a brand new hearing aid was obtained by Len.

audible (ô də bəl) able to be heard