UCSP ♡ 2

Feminization of Poverty

• higher likelihood of women experiencing poverty due to economic and social disadvantages

• phenomenon where women, particularly single mothers, are disproportionately affected by poverty

Second Shift

• additional unpaid labor

• such as housework and childcare

• that working women often perform after their formal jobs

Occupational Segregation

• division of jobs and industries along gender lines, limiting opportunities for certain groups

Horizontal Mobility

• moving within the same social status but changing roles

• such as switching jobs without a change in income

Barriers to Social Mobility

• social and economic obstacles that prevent individuals from improving their status

• such as discrimination

Labor Movement

• organized efforts by workers to improve wages, working conditions, and labor rights

Social Privilege

• unearned advantages that certain groups have

• based on factors like race, gender, or class

Affirmative Action

• policies aimed at promoting equal opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups

Intersectionality

• framework that examines how different social categories (such as race, gender, and class) interact and create overlapping disadvantage

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

• global organization that works to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development

Effects of Social Inequality

• negative consequences of inequality, such as crime rates and political instability

Social Change

• transformation of culture, institutions, and social structures over time

Neoliberalism

• economic philosophy that promotes free-market policies and minimal government intervention

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

• business practices that consider social and environmental impacts alongside profit

Social Capital

• value derived from social networks and relationships

Cultural Capital

• non-financial social assets (education, style, language)

• that help individuals gain social mobility

Economic Capital

• financial assets and material wealth that influence an individual’s status

Political Capital

• influence and power within political structures or organizations

Intersectionality

• interconnected nature of social identities (e.g., race, gender, class)

• create overlapping experiences of discrimination or privilege

Hegemony

• dominance of one group over others

• through cultural or ideological means

Patriarchy

• social system in which men hold primary power and authority

Matriarchy

• social system in which women hold primary power and authority

Gender Roles

• societal expectations of behavior based on an individual’s perceived gender.

Toxic Masculinity

• cultural norms of masculinity that promote aggression, dominance, and emotional suppression

Glass Ceiling

• invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing in their careers

Cultural Lag

• delay in cultural adjustments to technological or social innovations

Globalization

• increasing interconnection and interdependence of economies, cultures, and populations across the world

Cultural Diffusion

• spread of cultural elements from one society to another

Social Movement

• organized effort by a group of people to promote or resist social change

Revolutionary Movement

• social movement that seeks to fundamentally change an entire system or society

Reform Movement

• movement aimed at making gradual changes to an existing social structure

Countermovement

• social movement that arises in opposition to an existing movement

Relative Deprivation Theory

• theory stating that social movements arise when people feel deprived of something they believe they deserve

Structural Strain Theory

• perspective that explains how societal pressures can lead to deviant behavior or social movements

Environmental Sociology

• study of how human societies interact with their environment

Sustainability

• practice of using resources in a way that meets present needs without compromising future generations

Ecofeminism

• movement that links environmental conservation with feminism\

• arguing that environmental destruction disproportionately affects women

Demographic Transition Mode

• theory that explains population growth and change over time

• through stages of economic development

Malthusian Theory

• theory that predicts population growth will

  • outpace food production

  • leading to shortages

  • & societal collapse

Carrying Capacity

• maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support

Social Epidemiology

• study of how social factors influence health and disease patterns in populations

Medicalization

• process by which non-medical issues become defined and treated as medical conditions

Deviance

• behavior that violates social norms and is often subject to sanctions

Social Control

• mechanisms used to regulate behavior and enforce norms within society

Formal Sanctions

• official punishments or rewards given by institutions such as governments and schools

Informal Sanctions

• unofficial consequences of behavior, such as approval or disapproval from peers

Labeling Theory

• theory that suggests people become deviant because they are labeled as such by society

Strain Theory

• sociological theory

• explains deviant behavior as a response to societal pressures

Conflict Theory

• perspective that views social issues as a result of power struggles between different groups

Symbolic Interactionism

• sociological approach

• focuses on how individuals interpret and give meaning to social interactions

Functionalism

• sociological perspective

• views society as a complex system where different parts work together for stability

Capitalism

• economic system

• private individuals or businesses own and control production and distribution

Socialism

• economic system

• government or community collectively controls production and distribution

Communism

• political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned