07 Framing

Light Framing

A type of wood framing where walls are part of the support of the building

Heavy Timber

A type of wood framing that uses a frame and wall area just covers

Balloon Frame

The lightest type of light wood framing where the studding and corner posts are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof plate; This type of frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable to sway and tremble in heavy winds

Ribbons

Boards that are notched and nailed into the studs

Combination Frame

A type of light wood framing that is a modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers with every joint mortised and tenoned; Girts are framed into the corner posts at the second story level joists as well as to brace the whole frame

Drop Girts

Horizontal structural elements used in the construction of metal buildings, particularly in the walls of the structure; This type of construction is more rigid than the balloon frame

Raised Girts

Installed on the exterior side of the building's columns, creating a slight offset or "raised" appearance from the column surface

Flush Girts

Installed directly against the exterior face of the building's columns, creating a flush or seamless appearance

Platform Frame

Where the ground and second floor level structures are supported by their respective platforms

Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing

What is the type of framing used in the Philippines?

Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing

These floor joists are carried by girders, and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts; Studs rest on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor

Wood Posts

Anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced concrete piers on isolated footings

Grout

What is poured in between the joint for a wood post to seat on concrete?

Splices

Used to connect two or more pieces of timber in such a wway that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size

Compression, Tension, and Bending

What are the three types of splices?

Scabbed or Fished Splice

A splice for compression where two pieces of timber are squared at their ends and fitted together; Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined

Halved Splice

A splice for compression made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required length and putting the halved sections together; Better for direct compression and may be used where there is some tension

Square Splice

A splice for tension that has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination with scabs or fishplates; A modification of the compression halved splice

Scarfed Splice

A splice for bending when a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to compression while the lower half is tension

Split-ring Connector

A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; Used as a timber connector and for heavy construction; Made in sizes 2.5, 4, and 6” diameters

Timber Connector

Metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted joints

Metal Connectors

Used with bolts to join timber in heavy construction; Usually the connector has a series of sharp teeth which dig into the wood as a bolt is tightened, thereby preventing lateral movement and decreasing the number of bolts required

Toothed Plates and Toothed Rings

Toothed and corrugated plates used between timber frames for comparatively light construction; Made in 2, 2-5/8, and 4” diameter

Claw Plates

One side is clawed and the other is smooth; Used either singly, in timber to metal connections, or in pairs in timber to timber connections

Shear Plates

A special round plate inserted in the face of a timber; Used to develop shear resistance in a wood-to-metal or wood-to-wood joint; Designed to provide greater load-carrying capacity in shear than can be achieved by a bolt alone

Structural Steel Framing

Used to construct a skeleton frame for structures ranging in size from one-story to skyscrapers

One-Way Beam System

Each pair of external columns supports a long-spanning beam or girders; Suitable for long, narrow buildings, especially when a column-free space is desired

Two-Way Beam System

A two-layer system, where beams frame into girders, increases floor depth considerably and provides more space for mechanical systems; Span the short axis of a building bay thus contributing to the lateral stability of the structure

Two-Way Beam System

Used when a large column-free space is required, where long-spanning plate girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn support a layer of secondary beams

Pier

A column designed to support a concentrated load

Isolated Footing

The individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier