CPH, Topic 2

household or place to live

Ecology is from the Greek word oikos meaning?

Ecology

The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their environment.

the sum of local abiotic factors

Environment of an organism includes:
. Physical properties which can be described as
a. insolation (sunlight)
b. climate
c. geology

Human Ecology

Explores not only the influence of humans on their environment but also the influence of the environment on human behavior, and their adaptive strategies as they come to understand those influences better.

Burgess and Park in 1921

Who introduced the term 'human ecology' and when?

Demography

The statistical study of all populations. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them

Age-specific fertility rate

is the number of resident live births to women in a specific age group for a specified geographic area, divided by the total population of women in the same age group for the same geographic area

Crude birth rate

the annual number of live births per 1000 people

General fertility rate

the annual number of live births per 1000 women of child bearing age (15 – 49 years old)

Crude death rate

annual number of deaths per 1000 people

Infant mortality rate

annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 100,000 live births.

Expectation of life (Life expectancy)

Number of years a person is expected to live from a specified starting point.

Total fertility rate

number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life

Gross reproduction rate

number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility

Net reproduction ratio

is the expected number of daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may not survive to and through the ages of child bearing.

Case fatality rate

is the percentage of cases that result in death. It measures the severity of the disease and is proportionate to the virulence

Population

collection of people or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area or mortality or migration.

Survey

a method of gathering any type of information or data from a sample of individuals. It is meant that the data is only taken from a portion of the total population under study.

Census

it is the counting of data gathered from the entire population. It is regularly occurring and official count of the human population of a certain local administrative unit.

National Statistics Office.

In the Philippines, the agency that conducts the census is the

Fertility, Mortality and Migration

Processes that Affect Population Change:

Population growth

the increase in a region’s population

Biotic potential

the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum environmental conditions, Inherent power of organisms to reproduce and survive.

Population control

The practice of curtailing population increase, usually by reducing the birth rate.

epidemiological surveillance

NOTIFIABLE DISEASES

- Diseases for which health officials request or require reporting for public health reasons
- Part of a system called ________________, used by governments to recognize that an epidemic is occurring before people start dying.

Policies on surveillance of notifiable diseases

What is the purpose of the Republic Act No. 11332?


REPUBLIC ACT No. 11332

Otherwise Known as the "Law on Reporting of Communicable Diseases”

Epidemiology

Derived from the Greek words “epi” (on, upon), “demos” (people), and “logos” (study).

Epidemiology

Can be literally translated into the phrase “the study of that which is upon the people”

American Society of Epidemiology

Stated that epidemiology is the science or knowledge of the natural history of disease.

Frost (1931)

Stated that epidemiology is the science of the mass-phenomenon of infectious diseases, or as the natural history of infectious diseases

Stallybrass (1931)

Stated that epidemiology is the science of the infective diseases, their prime causes, propagation and prevention.

MacMahon

Stated that epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in man.

Leavell and Clark

Stated that epidemiology is the field of science which is concerned with the various factors and conditions that determine the occurrence and distribution of health, disease, defect, disability and death among group of individuals.

Oxford University Press

Stated that epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

Lilienfield (1976)

Stated that epidemiology is study of the distribution of a disease or physiologic condition in human populations and of the factors that influence this distribution.

Epidemiologist

“an investigator who studies the occurrence of disease or other health-related conditions or events in defined populations.”

1853 and 1854

first example of the use of epidemiology to study and control a disease occurred in London between what years?

John Snow

The Father of Modern Epidemiology

Hippocrates

Father of medicine and (in 300 B.C.E.) suggested a relationship between the occurrence of disease and the physical environment

Fracastorious (Girolamo Fracastoro)

Italian doctor and poet, used epidemiologic method of reasoning expressed in his book (De Res Contagiosa) and stated that disease results from specific contagious or seeds of disease.

John Graunt (1620-1674)

Famous for his uses of statistics specifically his notes on high IMR, excess deaths of males over females.

Farr (1807-1883)

his work on statistics notably mortality among Cornish metal workers, prisoners, married-unmarried, organized first vital statistical systems.

Objectives of Epidemiology

1. Identify disease causes and risk factors

2. Determine disease extent in community

3. Study natural history and prognosis

4. Evaluate preventive measures

5. Develop public policy

Aims of epidemiology

1. Prevention of disease

2. Maintenance of health

3. Promotion of health

Disease

any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury

Health outcome

the health consequences brought about by the treatment of a health condition or as a result of an interaction with the healthcare system

Frequency

refers not only to the number of health events, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population

Pattern

refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person

Incidence rate

sense of the speed with which disease occurs in a population, and seems to imply that this pattern has occurred and will continue to occur for the foreseeable future.

Prevalence rate

proportion of the population that has a health condition at a point in time

Mortality rate

a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval

Crude rates

are those in which the denominator includes the total population; relatively easy to obtain and are useful when comparing similar populations

Epidemic

occurrence in a community of cases in excess of normal expectancy; “outbreak”

Endemic

constant or habitual presence of a disease/agent in a given place

Pandemic

epidemic of worldwide proportion

Sporadic

few, unrelated cases in several areas

Pathogenicity

ability to cause disease

Virulence

severity of the disease that occurs

Immunogenicity

ability to induce specific immunity in the host

The Epidemiologic Triad / The Epidemiologic Triangle

implies that each of the three (3) factors must be analyzed and understood for comprehension and predictions of patterns of a disease.

The Lever

The interaction of agent, host and environment is compared to a lever balanced over a fulcrum.

The Wheel

consists of a hub (host or human) which has genetic make-up as its core. Surrounding the host is the environment, schematically divided into three sectors - biological, social and physical.

The Web of Causation

that effects never depend on a single isolated cause, but rather develop as the result of chains of causation at which each link itself is the result of a “complex genealogy of antecedents”.

Descriptive Studies

seek to describe the extent of disease in regard to person, time, and place. These studies are designed to answer the questions who, when, and where.

Analytic Studies

is to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors, factors that increase the probability of disease.